Index
Page references to figures or tables are in italics; references to notes have the letter “n” following the page number.
2-D films, 257
4-H youth program, 528, 542n–543n
9Tastes restaurant, 347
20 Questions about Youth and Media (Mazzarella), 9
24 (TV drama series), 343
AAP, see American Academy of Pediatrics
Abadi, A., 286
ABC (American Broadcasting Company), 77
ABC (Spanish national newspaper), 572, 574–6
Abelman, R., 250
Abril, G., 550
Absent Structure, The (Eco), 550
Abu Ghraib (Iraqi prison), 278
Abu-Lughod, L., 202
abuse
animal, 363
of power, 485
of technology, 2
victims/survivors of, 77
academic research, 25, 45, 69, 75–6, 80, 155–6, 161, 207, 589
access
to audiences, 23
to electricity, 2
to information, 8, 166, 175, 345, 387–8, 480–1, 589
to Internet, 2, 78, 121, 211, 522, 588
to memory, 161
to organizations, 207
to people, 99, 144, 174, 176, 212, 499
to population, 96
to power structure, 159
to students, 98
ACNielsen, 306
active system, 425
actors, 10, 190, 192–4, 196, 389, 535
Adam, P., 422
Adams, R. C., 92
Adler, P., 208
administrative knowledge, 28, 61
administrative problems and tools, 57
administrative research
benevolent, 56
administrative technique, 56
online sexual behavior, 76
adulthood memories, 183
advertisements, 9, 31, 53, 206, 219, 256
shock-inducing
theory, method, and its exemplary application in analyzing, 419–40
advertising, 8, 10–12, 47, 60–1, 92, 100, 105, 118, 246, 370, 382, 552–3, 555–7, 560, 565, 584
-driven websites, 73
political, 272
testing effectiveness, 92
advocacy organizations, 73
AFB, see anti-fat bias
Africa, 72, 104, 297, 343–4, 572
conducting media ethnographies in, 199–214
postcolonial, 199
African Americans, 97, 261, 272, 353, 359, 367, 369, 375–6, 589
Agar, M., 210
Agdestein, M., 494
age, 3, 10, 74, 102–3, 113, 116, 119, 121, 131, 145, 149, 182, 184, 221, 231, 251, 258, 262, 267, 435, 541, 587
see also elderly
aggression, 72–3, 146, 188, 256, 270, 294, 521
and media violence, 73
agricultural labor practices, 72
Ahearn, L., 231
Ahmed, S., 224
Aiello, G., 327
Aierbe, P., 575
Akindes, F., 210
Alameda cinema, Monterrey, Mexico, 188, 192
Albert, D., 422
Albrecht, S., 147
Allá en el Rancho Grande (movie), 85
Allen-Meares, P., 449
Allison, F. H., 160
alternative cultural genres, 13
Almanza, V., 586
Alpers, G. W., 435
Althusser, L., 410
Alvarez, A., 554
AMARC, see World Association of International Radio Broadcasters
AMC, 446
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 73
American Association for Public Opinion Research, 105, 106
American Association of University Professors, 71
American Community Survey, 106
American Idol (TV show), 7
American Presidency Project, 288, 300n
American Psychological Association, 74
America's Historical Newspapers (Readex), 387
Amit, V., 507
analogue broadcasting, 222, 228–9
analysis, discourse
axial coding, 150
analysis and interpretation, of oral history interview, 173–5
analysis of variance, see ANOVA
analytical artists, 119
analytical memo and diagram, 150–1
analytical practices, 43
analytical strategies: coding and binaries, 345–8
analyzing text: cultural discourse in ethnic food reviews, 338–55
defining textual analysis, 339–40
establishing theoretical context, 348–52
concept of culture: static vs. dynamic, 351–2
media and national identity, 348–51
Othering: us vs. them, 352
exemplar: representing Other in food reviews, 343–8
analytical strategies: coding and binaries, 345–8
further interpretations, 353–6
methodological assumptions, 340
open text, multiple readings, 340–1
reality as constructed, 341
representation as constitutive of media discourse, 341–2
Andersen, M. B., 485
Anderson, B., 351
Anderson, C. A., 522
Anderson, D. A., 262
Anderson, K., 140, 145, 147, 148, 150, 323
Anderson, L., 223
Andrews, L., 79
animated films, 124–5, 265, 548, 554–5, 561, 566
Ankara, Turkey, 278
Annales School, France, 360
Annals of Tourism Research, 12
Annan, Kofi, 279
anonymity, 66, 79–80, 83, 98, 108, 122–3, 161, 345, 501, 510–11, 513
“anonymizer” software tools, 77
ANOVA (analysis of variance), 249, 256, 264
Antena 3, 588
anthropology, 24, 71, 81, 157, 199–203, 205, 207, 213–14, 220, 327, 355, 358–63, 366, 369, 371, 373–4, 499, 501–4, 509
symbolic anthropology and folklore studies, 360–3
see also visual anthropology
anti-fat attitudes scale, 260
case study: examination of, in grade school children, 258–66
AoIR, see Association of Internet Researchers
Aoki, E., 329
AOL, 79
Aparicio, R., 579
apologetic rhetoric, 30
in presidential messages abroad, 289
frequencies of self-referential apologetic lexemes, 292
self-referential, 290
self-referential apologetic rhetoric and message type, 293
self-referential and self-critical instances, 295
Apología Sokrátus (Plato), 280
apology, 278–81, 283, 285–8, 291–3, 299
true, 280
“Apparent broadcast type,” 309–10
“Appeal to Muslims, An” (speech, G. W. Bush), 284
arboric systems of knowledge, 204
archives, 7, 80, 158, 164, 168, 173, 175, 210, 344, 359, 367, 369, 371, 375, 382–3, 385–95, 482, 512
Argentina, 27, 572–3, 576–7, 581, 586
Argentineans
brotherly attitude toward, 576–7
“if we do not talk, they do not realize we are Argentineans,” 580–1
Arnett, A., 347, 349, 350, 351, 352, 354
Aronowitz, S., 554
art, 73, 115, 135, 152, 409, 439, 551
Artemio, 188
Aslin, R., 422
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, 66
Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR), 81
asylum seekers, 326
AT, see activity theory
AT&T, 8
Ata, R. N., 267
Atkins, A., 522
ATLAS.ti, 512
attentional disengagement, 426
attentional engagement, 426
attentional feedback loop, 426
Aubrey, J. S., 94
Audience in Everyday Life, The (Bird), 505
audience(s), 2–5, 7, 10–11, 13–15, 20–4, 29, 44, 46, 51, 54, 56, 59–60, 78, 91–2, 96, 115, 118, 120, 122–3, 127–8, 130–2, 201–4, 207, 211, 213, 224, 246, 256, 272, 277, 281–4, 288, 291, 306, 311, 320–4, 329, 339–40, 344, 351, 362, 364–5, 376, 385, 391–3, 402, 410–12, 439, 476, 494, 498–9, 502, 505, 512–14, 548, 551, 555, 566, 584–6, 590
analysis, 11
engagement, 11
membership, visual aspects of, 445–67
nonacademic, 73
passive, 92
reception, 120
selection of movie houses and films by, 186–7
studies, 11
critique and review of in-depth interviews as methodological strategy in, 179–96
traditional and new, 2
audio recorder, 146, 148, 159, 165, 167–9
audio recording, 115, 148–9, 167–8, 512
audiovisual information, 2, 94
effects on children, 14
Augoyard, J.-F., 550
Australia, 71, 103, 205, 383, 391, 564
Australian Broadcasting Company, 388
Australian Media History Database, 388
authority and ownership, 210–11
authorship, writing, and presentation, 313
autoethnography, 14, 26, 219–22
connecting individual to cultural, 227–9
in media studies: digitalization of TV in Finland, 217–32
Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 196n
case study in using Q methodology for media research, 119–26
axial coding, 150
Back, K., 164
back-translation method, 104
Backs, R. W., 421
backyard ethnographies, 199
Baghdad, Iraq, 285
Bahr, H., 147
Bakardjieva, M., 502, 504, 513
Baker, P., 326
Balkenius, C., 422
Ball, Alan, 450
Ball, D., 269
Ballard, D. H., 422
banana-clip lavalier, 149
Banks, M. J., 8
Bañón, A., 572
Barber, B., 73
Barcelona, Spain, 509, 577, 583–4
Barkan, E., 278
Barker, C., 345
Barker, M., 129
Barlow, J. P., 501
Barthelson, M., 422
Bartolucci, V., 325
Basantes, B., 586
Basso, K., 362
Bateson, G., 499
Baumgartner, H., 106
Baym, N., 502
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 384, 388, 391, 395, 476
BBSs, see bulletin board systems
Bearden, W. O., 101
Beatriz, 194
Beaverbrook, Lord, 389
Bechkoff, J., 508
Becker, C., 383
Beckers, R., 554
Bederson, B., 524
Behar, R., 207
behavior
online, 79
behavioral science, 202
Bell, L., 449
bell curve, 116
Below the Line: Producers and Production Studies in the New Television Economy (Mayer), 8
Bendick, R., 156
Benedikt, M., 501
benevolent administrative research, 56
Ben-Nun, P., 105
Berg, C. E., 476
Bergman, Ingrid, 191
Berlin, Germany, 284
Berni (TV cartoon series), 556, 560–1
Betamax videotape format, 306
between or within subjects?, 247–9
between-subjects experimental design and analysis, 30, 247–8, 255–73
case study: examination of anti-fat bias in grade school children, 258–66
study 1 independent variables, 261–2
study 2 independent variables, 262–3
study 1 participants, 261
study 2 participants, 262
design problems specific to case study, 266–71
effect size and statistical power, 269–70
random selection, 268
how between-subjects designs can be used in media studies research, 271–3
Bicycle Thieves (movie), 73, 192–3
Bielby, D. D., 446
Bijker, W., 505
bilingual translators, 104
Biltereyst, D., 180, 188, 191, 193, 196n
binaries
extension of, 353
textual binaries in ethnic food reviews, 348
Bingham, A., 381, 385, 387, 393, 394–5
Binkley, S., 377
biomedicine, 24
biometric body scans, 13
biopolitics, 13
Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, 367
Bisbal, M., 586
bisexuals, 329
Bixler, B., 554
Black nationalists, 371
Blakey, G. T., 158
blame shifting, 280
Blank, G., 506
blogging, 143
blogs, 9, 23, 78–9, 143, 299, 342, 455, 479, 500, 507, 509–14
Blue Angel, The (movie), 192
Blumer, H., 52
Blu-ray players, 229
Boateng, B., 9
Bocarnea, M. C., 250
Bochner, A. P., 220, 221, 222, 223
Bodnar, J., 174
body movements or postures (kinesics), 147
Boer War, 385
bojd, d. m., 58
Boltman, A., 524
Bondebjerg, I., 115
Bonilla, J. I., 586
Bonnell, V. E., 371
Book History, 382
culture industries, and senses, 374–7
Booth, C., 136
Booth, T., 449
Booth, W., 449
border crossings, 8
Born in Slavery project, 158
Boston University, 389
Bourdieu, P., 373
Boyatzis, C. J., 73
boycotts, 13
Boylorn, R. M., 222
boys, 10, 258, 261, 528–9, 531, 539–41
Bracken, C. C., 304, 313, 314, 317
Bradley, S. D., 241
studies, 163
brainstorming, 151, 304, 309, 315–16
brand awareness, 92
brand loyalty, in young children, 74
Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, Germany, 284
Brands, H. W., 282
Brashers, D. E., 244
Bratich, J., 11
BRB Internacional S.A., 561
Breaking Bad (TV drama series), 446
breast cancer, listserv on, 78
Brenner, M., 137
Brewster, B., 406
Brislin, R. W., 104
Britain, see United Kingdom
British Broadcasting Corporation, see BBC
British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent at Canterbury, 387
British Library, 390
British Newspaper Library, Colindale, UK, 387
broadcast networks, 305
broadcast stations, 305
Broadcasting Empire (Potter), 391
Brockus, S., 7
Bronfenbrenner, U., 528, 532–3, 543n
Brookhiser, R., 278
Brooks, C. F., 223
Brown, L. M., 385
Brown, R., 160
Brown, S. R., 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 126, 128, 129, 130
Brown, W. J., 250
browser software, 77
Brügger, N., 396n
Bruns, A., 114
Bryant, J., 76
Bryce, J., 52
Buch, F. (née Buss) 162, 163, 175
Buchanan, E. A., 76, 78, 79, 80–1, 84
Bücher, K., 44
Buchmann, A., 11
Buchner, A., 249
Buckhout, R., 160
Buckingham, D., 554
Buddenbaum, J. M., 539
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV drama series), 455
Built to Resist advertising campaign, 433
bulletin board systems (BBSs), 65, 77, 501–2
Bullier, J., 425
Burawoy, M., 59
Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University, 62n, 92
bureaucratization, 8
Burger, C., 156
Burgoon, J., 502
Burgos-Debray, E., 175
Burns, D., 82
Burrell, J., 504
Burroughs, E. R., 369
Bush, George H. W., 287, 289, 290, 291, 293, 295, 296
Bush, George W., 278, 283, 284, 285, 287, 290, 291, 293, 295, 296, 297, 325
Bushman, B. J., 522
business, 91, 346–7, 359, 374–5, 383, 400, 478, 573, 584
Business History Review, 382
Buss, F., see Buch, F.
Buswell, G. T., 439
buycotts, 13
buying decisions, 53
cable and satellite technology, 20
cable channels, 10
Cable TV, 305
Calafell, B. M., 323
Calavita, M., 393
Caldwell, M. T., 8
Calhoun, C., 50
call screening, 105
Callejo, J., 587
CAM, see creative agency model
Cambodian restaurant, 354
cameras, 15n, 123, 156, 162, 167–9, 171, 207, 304, 307, 407, 412, 415–17, 431, 433, 446, 448, 466, 470, 534–5
Cameron, James, 29, 112, 113, 119
Camitta, M., 141
Campbell, J. D., 449
Campbell, K. K., 323
Campbell, W. J., 384
Canales, A., 589
Cantarell, F., 550
Cantor, M., 180
capital accumulation, 8
capitalist exploitation of natural resources, 124
CAR (content analysis reliability), 314
carbon footprint, 13
Cardoza, K., 11
Carleton University, 83
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), 77
Carrillo, K., 196n
Carter, Jimmy, 287, 289, 290, 293, 294, 295
Casablanca press conference, 1943, 284
case studies, 9, 11, 27–8, 30, 65, 69, 79, 83, 112–13, 119–26, 180, 199–200, 204–14, 240, 255–6, 258–71, 299, 381–2, 384–7, 393, 420, 430–9, 451, 522, 555
Casino Monterrey, 186
Cassell, J., 540
Cassirer, H., 157
Castells, M., 2, 3, 6, 22, 228, 571
Cataño, M., 586
categories of identity, 9
causality, 272
Cavell, S., 416
CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System), 156–7, 162–3, 166, 173, 175
CBS News, 388
CC, see Creative Commons
CCA, see computer-assisted content analysis
CCTV (China), 388
Ceisel, C. M., 10
celebrity effects, 251
celluloid, 23
data, 90
decennial, 90
Center for Media Literacy, 522
Central Office for Research Ethics Committees, 71
Centre for Journalism and History, University of Sheffield, 381
Centre for Longitudinal Studies (UK), 94
Centre for Media History, Aberystwyth University, 381–2
Centre for Media History, Macquarie University, 382, 388
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Center of Sociological Investigations), 577–8
ceramic production, 9
Certeau, M. de, 231
certificate of confidentiality, 108
Chadwick, B., 147
Chalaby, J., 382
Chamberlain, J., 174
Chang, H., 219
Chaos Tower (video game), 529, 530, 531
Charlton, T. L., 161
Charness, G., 257
Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet, 80
chatrooms, 78, 80, 229, 502, 507
Checa, F., 586
Chesney-Lind, M. 10
Chess, S., 10
Chester, J., 74
Chicago, 313
Chicago School, 136
childhood
exploring effects of TV and movie music on, 547–67
analysis of cinema for children, 561–4
analysis of TVE programs for children, 555–61
conclusions and discussion, 564–7
general approach of study, 550
rationale: children and music of media, 554–5
children
analysis of TVE programs for, 555–61
brand loyalty, 74
desensitization to real-world violence, 73
effects of audiovisual information, 14
examination of anti-fat bias in grade school children, 258–66
and media violence, 73
recognition of corporate logos, 74
sound environments of TV programs, 33
television shows, 73
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), 74
Childs, H. L., 53
Chile, 586
Chitnis, K., 449
Chomsky, N., 573
choice architecture, 79
Choudhry, Y. A., 93
Christians, C. G., 7, 66, 69, 70, 81–2, 371
chronemics (use of pacing of speech and silence), 147
Chuang, H.-H., 439
Chung, D. S., 478
Chung, Y., 251
Cicourel, A. V., 137
Cielito Lindo (movie), 185
cinema-going and films in Monterrey discussion, 195–6
family and social interaction, 193–4
national and foreign films, 189–93
selection of movie houses and films by audiences, 1930s–1960s, 186–7
social class differences, 187–9
cinema, 179–96, 189, 382, 389, 401–2, 407, 409, 412–13, 446, 548, 550, 552, 554, 566
for children, analysis of, 561–4
memory, 182
citation bias, 67
citizens' groups, 60
citizens' opinions, 53
Clark, E. A., 384
Clark, M. M., 160
class, see social class
classroom use of recorded interviews, 175
click rates, 73
Clifford, J., 24, 201, 209, 220, 231
Clifort (TV cartoon series), 556
Climate Airwaves, 82
climate change, 66, 82, 299, 495n
Clinton, Bill, 278, 284, 287, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297
Clinton, Hillary, 101
closed-ended questions, 101
Cloud, D., 323
Cluttering of Television, The (Lombard et al.), 313
CMC, see computer-mediated communication
CMS, see content: management system
CMU, see Carnegie Mellon University
CNN International, 343
“Coalition of the Willing” (G. W. Bush), 297
coastal erosion, 82
Cobb, J. N., 323
coder selection and training, 307–8
coding
and analysis of interview transcripts, 137
axial, 150
computer-assisted
open, 150
selective, 150
variables for front page and content analysis, 486
“Coding Manual for Program Variables,” 307
cognitive involvement, 123
cognitive processing, 140, 260–2, 265, 427–8
cognitive science, 519
Cohen, V., 367
Cohen's kappa, 309
coherence, logics of, 45
Cohn, D'V., 590
Coicaud, J. M., 278
Colbert, Steven, 13
Cold War, 282–3, 291, 294, 296–7, 300n, 370
collective (cultural) memory, 7, 159
college students, 95, 98, 250–2
Colley, A., 540
Colombians
attitude of fear toward, 575–6
“they see us as “bad” people and they are afraid of us,” 579–80
colonial oppression, 124
Columbia Broadcasting System, see CBS
Bureau of Applied Research, 62n, 90
Oral History Research Office, 158, 172
commercial institutions, 72, 388
commercial news, 73
Committee on Public Information, 72
commodification, 6, 49, 348, 355, 366, 374–5
Communication Abstracts, 314
communication and media science, 420, 425, 430, 435–6, 447
Communication Research Measures: A Sourcebook (Rubin et al.), 101
communication studies, 50, 114, 137, 179, 203, 236, 325, 488, 502
Communications Decency Act 1996 (US), 77
communication(s)
interdisciplinary approaches to understanding transnationalism and, 570–90
research, 14
technologies, 2
communism, language of, 54
communitarian model, 7
community, 26, 42, 44, 51–2, 77, 82–3, 121–3, 136, 138, 144, 158, 201–2, 204, 206, 212, 279–81, 284, 327–9, 331, 347–8, 351, 367, 384, 449, 502–4, 507, 578, 589
adaptation, 136
feedback, 83
leaders, 118
radio, 66, 72, 83, 200, 205, 213–14,
vs. society, 44
“complete member” (in ethnographic fieldwork), 208
computational coding design, 487–8
computer-animated visual effects, 124
computer-assisted coding, 486–7, 489, 492
computer-assisted content analysis (CCA), 277, 279, 281, 288, 290, 297–8
computer-assisted multivariate analysis, 4
computer-assisted searching, 30
computer-mediated communication (CMC), 498
computers, 14, 95, 123, 312, 446, 489, 504, 540, 542n, 584
Comrey, A. L., 99
Comstock, G., 12
Conboy, M., 383
concept, research, 43
conceptual definition, 100
conceptual equivalency, 100
operational definition, 100
reliability of measurement, 100
validity of measurement, 100
conceptual definition of research concept, 100
conceptual equivalency, 93, 100
conduct and procedure, questions of, 67–8
Coney Island, 365
Conference on Optimal Coding of OpenEnded Survey Data, University of Michigan, 314
conference presentation, 175
confidentiality, 77, 82, 142–3, 145, 196n, 513
certificate of, 108
conflict, in ethnography case history, 211–13
confounds, 236–8, 240, 243, 252, 257, 267, 531, 541
Congress (US), 77, 90, 283, 582–3
connectivity, 22
Conquergood, D., 328
consent form, 108
consent, informed, 65, 67, 70, 74–5, 78–81, 107, 162, 171, 508, 513
Conservative Americans United, 122
Conservative Party (UK), 395
consumer(s), 8–10, 13, 29, 77, 79, 118–20, 127–8, 131, 202, 304, 323, 343, 365, 371, 375, 377, 486, 520, 522, 554, 586–7
preferences, 53
Consumers' Imperium (Hoganson), 371
consumption patterns, 114, 587
content
analysis, see content analysis
management system (CMS), 479
manifest, 54
producers, 73
and representation, media, 5, 9
coding variables for, 486
issues of empirical reliability and theoretical validity, 53
mixed approach to, see mixed approach to content analysis
quantitative, 30
reliability, see CAR
contextualization, 41, 151, 223, 362, 391, 394, 427, 435, 507, 510
contextuality, 225
contingency questions, 95, 104–5
control sequence, 285
controlled experiment(s)
research questions that can be addressed by, 239–40
controlled interview, 139, 141
conventionality, 230
convergence, 3, 7, 40, 43, 114, 400, 494
globalization, technological development, and interdisciplinarity, 19–34
cookies, 77
Cooper, R., 250
Copernal Publishing, 584
COPPA, see Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
Corbin, J., 148, 150, 151, 152n
Cordes, C., 522
Corneliussen, H., 502
corporate logos, infant recognition of, 74
corrective action, taking, 280
correlational studies, 73
Costa Rica, 27
Couldry, N., 505
Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSFR) (Sweden), 70
Courtes, J., 548
Courtright, J. A., 250
covert rehearsal, 160
Cowan, R. S., 231
Coyle, K., 125
Craig, C. S., 93
Crandall, C. S., 260
Cranium, 529
Crawford, E., 326
creative agency model (CAM), 521, 532–3, 533, 539, 541, 543n
Creative Commons (CC), 78
creative expression, 140
creative interviewing, 140
creative use of tense and conditional form, 287
credit information, online, 79
Creel, G., 72
Cremades, R., 554
Crenshaw, C., 323
Cresson laboratory, 552
crisis of representation, 24, 30
Critical Ethnography: Methods, Ethics, and Performance (Soyini Madison), 83
critical paradigm, 39–40, 47–50, 339
critical theory, 158–9, 338, 358–9, 364–5
Cross, B., 522
Cross, R. M., 128, 129, 130, 131
cross-cultural research, 90, 93, 96, 103
cross-cultural survey studies, 93
cross-media news consumption, 119
cross-national media research, 129
cross-sectional studies, 93
Crowne, D. P., 247
Cruz, L., 58
C-SPAN, 306
Cuando los hijos se van (movie), 190
cued recall, 247
cultural and media consumption in diasporic contexts, 585–8
cultural discourse, 31
see also analyzing text: cultural discourse in ethnic food reviews
cultural history and media studies, 358–77
discourse and identity, 367–71
media culture and materiality: culture industries, senses, and books, 374–7
society, structure, and practice, 371–4
symbolic anthropology and folklore studies, 360–3
cultural memory, 7
cultural sensibility and ideology of food reviews, 354
cultural studies, 8–9, 11, 48–9, 127, 157, 180, 202, 205, 207, 221, 231, 340–1, 358–60, 368, 505, 570
culture industry, hegemony, and, 363–7
culture
concept of: static vs. dynamic, 351–2
of use, 114
Cunningham, M., 278
Curtis, L. P., 384
Cyberia, 501
cycling loop, 425
Czech Republic, 282
Daily Express (UK), 387
Daily Mirror (UK), 387
Dannerbeck, A., 449
Darling-Wolf, F., 1, 14, 202, 203, 204, 208, 209, 214
Dasho, S., 449
data
collection/gathering, 30
procedures, 51
and documentation, 7
encryption techniques, 77
entry and analysis, of research saga, 312
data aggregation companies, 79
database
reconstructing, 481
research, 66
Davies, M. M., 75
Davis, A. M., 223
Davis, C., 25, 29, 117, 118, 120, 125, 164
Davis, N., 362
Day, A. M., 203
Day, Doris, 191
de Beaugrande, R., 325
De Bruin, J., 448
de Kloet, J., 122
De Mooij, M., 93, 96, 105, 106
de Nie, M., 384
Deacon, D., 189
Dean, James, 191
Dean, John, 160
death, 70
“Death of the Author” (Barthes), 410
debriefing, 75, 164, 223, 246, 251, 290, 410, 491, 575
DeCarlo, D., 439
decennial census, 90
deception, 65, 68, 75–8, 81, 170
decision making, 92, 212, 421, 494
decontextualization of research from social its settings, 41
Deep Silver, 529
defamation, 171
DeFleur, M. L., 1
Delamont, S., 220
Delgado, F., 323
Del Río, M., 554
Del Río, P., 554
demand characteristics, 247
democracy, 49, 52–3, 58, 60, 205–6, 485
Democratic Convention, Chicago, 1968, 169
Denning, M., 367
DeNora, T., 548
Denzin, N., 69, 81, 137, 148, 204, 205, 206, 222
deontological theories, 68
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (US), 70, 107–8
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (US), 70
Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, 494n
Department of State (US), 282
Department of War (US), 72
dependent variables, 237–43, 245, 248, 252, 256–7, 261, 263–8, 270–2, 304
measuring perceptual shifts in physical and virtual play, 538–40
depression, 126
Facebook, 73
Depression era, 158
Derrida, J., 368
desensitization, 73
design(ing)
problems of between-subjects case study, 266–71
research saga, 305
survey design, selecting, 93–4
deterritorialization, 22
Deubel, H., 426
developmental psychology, 519–20
Devi, K., 449
Dewey, J., 44
DHHS, see Department of Health and Human Services
Diamond, M. R., 440n
Diana, Princess of Wales, 251
Dicks, B., 506
Digeser, P. E., 278
digital broadcasting, 224, 228–9, 476
digital communication, 20–3, 40, 58
digital environments, 77, 80–1, 508
ephemeral nature of, 22
digital ethnography, 24, 500–6
carrying out digital fieldwork, 506–14
Internet in everyday practices and media ethnography, 504–6
and media practice, 32, 498–515
digital data analysis and ethnographic description, 512–13
digital footprints, 58
digital gaming, 13
digital immigrants, 33, 571, 587
digital interventions, 9
digital media, 3, 13, 25, 27, 34n, 114, 132, 493, 498, 500, 506, 508, 513–15, 587
review boards confront challenge of, 80–1
digital technologies, 2, 23, 139, 314, 500, 503–6, 514
DIIA, see Division of Instructional Innovation and Assessment
Dillard, J., 246
Dillman, D. A., 106
Dimitrova, D. V., 492
Dior advertisement, 424
direct mail, 90
disciplinary knowledge, division of, 59–60
discourse, 7, 10–11, 24, 26, 31, 44, 54, 72, 76, 115, 174, 181–4, 195, 201, 229, 277, 281, 287, 292, 294, 299, 320–4, 328–9, 333, 338, 341–3, 346–7, 351, 354–5, 358, 360, 372, 375, 377, 385–6, 448, 501, 548–50, 552–3, 571–4, 577, 579, 581–3, 589
analysis, 49, 149–51, 280, 319, 325–7, 345, 572, 574, 576
on self-representation: ethnic media in global cities, 583–5
Discovery Channel, 344
discursive mode, in Q methodology composite model, 120
Disney studies, 7
disposable hardware, 13
distortion of real-world events, 124
distractions, limiting in interviews, 166
division of disciplinary knowledge, 59–60
Division of Instructional Innovation and Assessment (DIIA), University of Texas at Austin, 106
Do Not Call registry (US), 105
Doble Via Comunicaciones, 584
documentaries, 61n, 125, 167, 169, 171, 174, 210, 325, 344, 393, 449
dominant paradigm, 12, 39–40, 46–7, 49–51, 59, 61
Dominican Republic, 574
Dominick, J. R., 66, 68, 70, 73, 74, 75, 78, 99, 256, 268, 522
Donald Duck, 365
double-barreled questions, 103
double-negative questions, 103
Douglas, J., 140
Douglas, M., 362
Dourish, P., 532
Dow, B. J., 323
Downing, J. H. D., 3
downloading, 58, 211, 355n, 387, 488, 495n
Dracula (Stoker), 451
driver's license holders, 96
drug use, 78
dubbing movies, 191
Duchowski, A. T., 420–1, 425, 428, 431–3
Dupagne, M., 250
Durkheim, É., 44
Durning, D. W., 115
DVD format, 43, 218–19, 222, 224, 227–30, 406, 555, 588
DVR format, 314
Dziopa, F., 115, 117, 125, 130, 131
Eastin, M. S., 68
Eastpak advertisement poster, 433
Echo of War, The (Nicholas), 384
economic crises, 14
Ecuadorians
“we are just the poor and we get angry,” 578–9
Eden cinema, Monterrey, Mexico, 189
editing out ads in DVD recording, 219
Edmonds, R., 422
education, 3–4, 42, 70, 116, 131, 142, 149, 188, 214, 221, 231, 326, 439, 449, 486, 520, 522, 547–8, 550–1, 554–6, 567
educational policy studies, 6
educational system, 6
effect size, 257
effects
measuring effects of similar virtual and physical activity, 519–43
media, 1–5, 11–12, 14–15, 20, 43, 46–7, 51, 72–3, 75–6, 92, 94, 120, 202, 237, 246, 248–9, 251–2, 255–7, 273, 306, 415, 419–20, 422, 505, 519–20
of TV and movie music on childhood, 547–67
Egidiop, 189
Egypt, 202
Eicher-Catt, D., 223
Eight Hours for What We Will (Rosenzweig), 367
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297
El Mundo (Spanish national newspaper), 572, 574–6
El País (Spanish national newspaper), 572, 574–7
elderly, 206
memories of cinema-going, 181–96
election polls, 52
electric networks, 2
electricity, access to, 2
electronic communication, 40
electronic media, 20, 22, 172, 586
electronic records, 316
electronic screens, 23
Elgesem, D., 494
Elizabeth II, Queen, 283
Elizabeth, V., 223
Elizondo cinema, Monterrey, Mexico, 188
Elliott, J., 138
Elliott, P., 180
Ellis, C., 220, 221, 222, 223, 227
Ellison, N. B., 58
Eltinge, J. L., 106
email, 24, 77, 80, 94, 106, 108, 139, 147, 149, 163–4, 207, 212–13, 266, 314, 510–11, 587–8
embedded researcher, 211
emotional detachment, 124
emotional involvement, 123
Emperor penguins, 562, 563, 566
empirical critique, and administrative research, 55–8
empirical reliability and theoretical validity, issues of 53
empirical research, 30, 40, 42, 45, 47, 50, 56–8, 113, 257, 273, 520
employment files, 96
Enck-Warner, D., 323
encryption techniques, 77
endogenous control and exogenous control of visual perception, 426–7
Endres, D., 328
enemy propaganda, 54
Engebretsen, M., 492
Englishness and Empire 1939–1965 (Webster), 391
“Enlightened City, The” (project), 196n
Enterprise & Society, 382
entertainment, 7, 26, 120, 124, 185, 195, 224, 229, 239, 243, 265, 343, 365, 448, 486–7, 491–2, 495n, 505, 561, 585, 588
environment, exploitation of, 124
environmental practices, 13
environmental studies, 114
ephemeral media, quantitative approaches, 14, 475–95
Epic Encounters (McAlister), 370
epistemology and ideology, questions of, 21, 68–9
Epstein, J., 392
equivalency, 93, 100, 104, 106
Erdfelder, E., 249
Erjavec, K., 325
Erlebacher, A., 256
ERS, see extreme response style
Escobar, A., 501
España Exterior SL, 584
Ess, C., 81
Estalella, A., 502
estrangement, 124
Eternal Paddy, The (de Nie), 384
ethical issues, 29
review boards, 65
common critiques, 71
confront challenge of digital media, 80–1
mission creep of, 66
of text-based qualitative research, 332–3
three types of ethical questions, 67–9
epistemology and ideology, 68–9
motivation and intent, 67
Ethiopia, 343
ethnic media in global cities, 583–5
ethnic minorities, 125, 201, 583
ethnicity, 3, 6, 10, 26, 34, 46, 50, 104, 113, 125, 131, 139, 221, 231, 259, 264, 269, 342, 353, 543n
ethnodrama, 82
ethnographic observation, 127, 136, 329
ethnographic text-based approaches to qualitative research, 327–30
case study: African local radio station, 204–14
authority and ownership, 210–11
insider/outsider dilemmas, 206–10
and interviewing, 136
see also autoethnography; connective ethnography; digital ethnography; virtual ethnography
Ettore, E., 223
Europe, 13, 79, 96, 158, 180, 184, 193, 228, 350, 360, 370, 376, 388, 589
evocativeness in autoethnography, 223
Excel, 117
exercise frequency, 262
exogenous control
and endogenous control of visual perception, 426–7
experiential approaches, 40
experimental conditions, 241, 265
experimental design, 30, 236–7, 240–2, 532
true, 241
see also between-subjects experimental design and analysis
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research (Campbell & Stanley), 240
experimental research in media studies, 236–52
between or within subjects?, 247–9
between-subjects designs, 247–8
within-subjects designs, 248–9
confounds, 243
creating treatment and message variance, 243–5
establishing causality, 239
logic of controlled experiment, 237–8
operationalizing dependent variables, 246–7
operationalizing independent variables, 245–6
research questions that can be addressed by controlled experiments, 239–40
sample sizes, 249
true experimental designs, 241
experimenting with mixed research methods to study complex virtual interactions, 523
experiment(s), 74
between-subjects, 30
expert sampling, 99
exploitive research, 56
Export of Meaning: Cross-Cultural Readings of “Dallas,” The (Liebes & Katz), 448
extreme response style (ERS), 106
eye–mind assumption, 427
eye trackers, stationary table-mounted, 431
eye tracking, in media studies, 14, 25, 419–40
case study on shock-inducing
exogenous and endogenous control of visual perception, 426–7
fixations, saccades, micro-movements, 423–6
heat map of “attention landscape,” 434
indicators of eye-tracking analysis, 429
methodological limitations and challenges, 437–9
scan paths, 434
analysis of shock-averse recipient, 438
structural components of human eye movements, 423–6
what fixations and saccades tell us, 427–30
eyewitness interviews, 160
Fabian, J., 355
Facebook, 2, 9, 79, 120–2, 504, 509–10
depression, 73
face-to-face
interviews, 24, 77, 94–5, 106, 120, 138, 147, 510–11
facial expressions, 145, 166, 259
factor analysis, 117–18, 122–3, 125–6, 130, 132
2 × 2 factorial design, 242
2 × 3 factorial design, 242
factual tests, 247
Fairclough, N., 49, 149, 297, 325, 326–7
Faire, L., 191
Fairon, C., 495n
family, 10, 33, 94, 100, 104, 173, 180, 189, 212, 223, 258, 333, 347–9, 366, 386, 454, 499, 571–2, 581, 584–7
cinema-going and social interaction, 193–4
problematic relations, 223
Family Newspapers? (Bingham), 393
fan website discussion boards, 120
Farm Journal, 91
Fascist Italy, 364
fast pacing, 251
fatal flaw, 243
Faul, F., 249
Faulkner, W., 221
appeals, 242, 242, 245–6, 248, 251
in children, 73
legacy of, 73
fear of negative appearance evaluation scale (FNAE), 262
Featherstone, M., 325
Federal Communications Commission (US), 74
Federal Trade Commission (US), 79
Federal Writers' Project, 158
Fediuk, T. A., 243
Feenberg, A., 513
Fein, S., 190
feminism, 11, 48, 50, 69, 81, 174, 201, 204–5, 214, 323, 332, 368, 449
Ferguson, C., 73
Ferguson, J., 502
Fernández, M., 587
Ferrández, R., 552, 556–7, 561
Feusner, M., 430
Field, L., 201
field experiments, 26, 33, 519, 523, 531–2, 534, 538, 541
field observation, 74
Fielding, N., 506
Fields, D., 504
fifth-grade study participant(s)
use Webkinz Studio to make movies, 537
writes movie script, 537
film(s), 44
description and evocation, 415–18
statistics and objectivity, 409–14
and cinema-going in Monterrey, memories of, 179–96
criticism, 403
discussion boards, 121
evaluation of soundtrack, 564
exploring effects of TV and movie music on childhood, 547–67
“freaks,” 119
reviews, 120
scripts, 124, 141, 407, 415, 537
studies, 195
Film Art: An Introduction (Bordwell and Thompson), 400–4
Film Style and Technology: History and Analysis (Salt), 409
Final Cut Pro, 314
Findlay, J. M., 423, 424, 425, 426
Finkelhor, D., 76
Finkelstein, L. M., 267
digitalization of TV in, 217–32
Finnegan, C. A., 325
Fischer, M. M. J., 220
Fisher, D., 11
Fisher, W. R., 323
Fishkin, A. S., 538
Fishman, M., 180
Fiske, J., 115, 341, 342, 346, 454
fixation-dependent analysis of individual eye movements, 421
fixation target, 421
fixations, saccades, micro-movements, 423–6
what fixations and saccades tell us, 427–30
Flanagan, M., 522
Flanders, 195
flashbulb memories, 160
Fleming, M. L., 426
Flores, E., 196n
Flores, L., 333
Florida cinema, Monterrey, Mexico, 188
focus groups, 113, 127, 129, 135, 139–41, 202, 320, 446–8, 506, 573, 578–81, 583, 585, 587–8
optimal size, 144
studies and symbolic anthropology, 360–3
follow-up questions, 146, 149, 163, 170
food, 74, 262, 316, 371, 526, 556, 566
cultural discourse in ethnic food reviews, 338–55
and identity, 10
reviews, 31
cultural sensibility and ideology of, 354
representing Other in, 10, 31, 343–8
foodways scholars, 10
Ford, Gerald, 284, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295
Fordism, 372
Foreign Office (UK), 395
foreign presidential speeches, 282
Form of News: A History, The (Nerone), 6
Forte, M., 513
Foss, K. A., 322
Foss, S. K., 322
Fourie, P., 203
fourth-grade study participants
making movies in virtual/web treatment, 535
in physical/video treatment, 534
Fowler, F. J., 96, 99, 103, 106, 108
Fox, R., 201
Foxfire series (magazines/books), 158
frame, sample, 96
France, 27, 104, 157, 277, 284, 360, 362–3
Francisco, 189
Frautschy Demuth, R. L., 267
free recall, 247
friending (on social network sites), 58
friends, 33, 193–6, 207, 212–13, 227, 260, 262–3, 347–8, 452, 454, 466, 571, 587
Facebook, 2
Friends (TV sitcom), 341
Friere, P., 449
front page analysis, 482
coding variables for, 486
priorities, 491
share of stories on, 492
Fuchs, A. F., 424
Fuchs, C., 49
Fullerton, L., 328
functional interview continuum, 139
funding, research, 75
future history, 170
futures, in media studies, 5
Gable, Clark, 191
Gabrielatos, C., 326
Gajewski, J., 446
Gale, A. G., 421
Gale Cengage Learning, 387
Galtung, J., 343
gaming, 10, 13, 79, 504, 522, 528, 541
Gandhi, N. J., 421
Gant, L. M., 449
Gaonkar, D. P., 323
Garbo, Greta, 191
Garcia, C., 508
Garramone, G. M., 68
Garza, M., 196n
Gates, K., 2, 3, 12, 13, 20, 22, 24, 26–7
Gaudet, H., 91
Gauntlett, D., 447
Gauthier, J., 550
GCRN, see Ghana Community Radio Network
Gee, J., 522
Geertz, C., 200, 203, 226, 327, 328, 359, 361, 363, 373
Geise, S., 14, 25, 31, 422, 428, 430, 436
Gelder, K., 503
Gemeinschaft (community), 44
gender, 3–4, 6, 11, 14, 26, 33–4, 46, 67, 113, 116, 119, 121, 125, 130–1, 144–6, 148, 159, 182, 205, 214, 221, 231, 244, 251, 258–9, 261–4, 267, 269, 324, 326, 342, 359, 368–71, 383, 392, 499, 521, 532, 534–5, 538, 543n, 572, 585, 587
importance of isolating for, 540–1
and interviews, 148
“Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis” (Scott), 368
generalizability, 92, 125, 130, 236–7, 250–2
generalizations, 40, 128–9, 152, 173, 250, 257, 297–8, 394
Genovese, E. D., 364
genre criticism, 323
George, E., 502
Georgetown Law Journal, 76
Georgiou, M., 585
German Sociological Association, 54
Germany, 27
Gesellschaft (society), 44
Getting Loose (Binkley), 377
Ghana, 72
Ghana Community Radio Network (GCRN), 82
Gibson, W., 501
Gil, S., 572
Gilbert, E., 6
Gilman, C. P., 369
Giménez, C., 580
Ginzburg, C., 362
Girl Wide Web: Girls, the Internet, and the Negotiation of Identity (Mazzarella), 9
Girl Wide Web 2.0: Revisiting Girls, the Internet, and the Negotiation of Identity (Mazzarella), 9
girls, 4, 9–11, 258–61, 263, 343, 447, 500, 524–5, 528–9, 531, 539–41
girls' media studies, 10
Giroux, H. A., 554
Gitlin, T., 359
Glick Schiller, N., 586
Glickman, L. B., 360
global capitalism, 22
global circulation of media, 9
global crisis, 14
global ethnographies, 11
global gender studies, 4
global grid, 2
global (im)mobility, 8
global interconnectedness, 122
“Global Media Events in India: Contests Over Beauty, Gender, and Nation” (Parameswaran), 11
global perspectives, 3
global surveys, 104
globalization, convergence, technological development, and interdisciplinarity, 19–34
Gmail, 509
Gneezy, U., 257
GNU Wget, 495n
goal-driven perception, 426
Gódinez, F., 196n
Goh, D., 201
“going native,” 208
Golden Globes, 561
Golden-Biddle, K., 348
Golding, P., 189
Goldstein, R., 421
Gómez-Ariza, C., 551
Gomez-Cruz, E., 24, 32, 501, 509–14
Google Docs, 316
Gorden, R. I., 147
Gordon, I. E., 427
governmental institutions, 72
Govier, T., 278
Grabe, M. E., 237, 238, 239, 241, 243, 304
graduate students, 75, 183, 270, 383, 386
Grainger, K., 278
Granados, A., 575
Grand National Assembly, Ankara, Turkey, 278
Granka, L., 430
graphics, 305
computer, 310
incorporating in survey, 94
graphing, 14
Gratton, I., 421
Gravity, see Professor Heinz Wolff's Gravity
Great Britain, see United Kingdom
Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History (Darnton), 362
green issues, 13
Greenberg, B. S., 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78
Greenstein, F. I., 282
Greenwald, A. G., 259
Gregorio, C., 572
Grey's Anatomy (TV series), 10
Grieco, A., 421
Grier, R. A., 422
Griffin, L. M., 323
Grimes, S., 522
Gripsrud, J., 49
Grobart, S., 446
Grodin, D., 125
Gronbeck, B. E., 346
gross national product (GNP), 40
Grosswiler, P., 115
ground-up communication models, 81
Groves, R. M., 90, 91, 105, 106
Growing Up Girls: Popular Culture and the Construction of Identity (Mazzarella), 9
Guantanamo Bay, 278
Guardian Open Platform, 481
Guba, E. G., 345
Gubrium, J. F., 136, 137, 139, 141, 205, 452
Gulbenkian Commission, 59
Gunter, B., 21
Gupta, A., 502
Haddon, L., 505
Hadlaw, J., 8
Haiti, 282
Hajkowski, T., 391
Halbwachs, M., 159
Hale, G. E., 370
Hall, D. D., 376
Hall, G. S., 369
Hall, S., 24, 48, 61n, 120, 339, 340, 341–2, 366, 367, 368, 505
Hallvsard, M., 49
Hamilton, New Zealand, 120
Hammer, R., 72
Han, L., 326
Handbook of Marketing Scales: Multi-Item Measures for Marketing and Consumer Behavior Research (Bearden et al.), 101
haphazard sampling, 98
Happy Feet (animated movie), 548, 552, 563, 566
analysis of cinema for children: Happy Feet, 561–4
analysis of songs performed by characters in program, 560
elements of musical language used in movie, 563
evaluation of film soundtrack, 564
musical numbers in four sections, 563
musical structure of opening sequence, 559
ordering of musical elements in narrative sequence, 564
results by musical categories, 557
story, 562
study of tendencies and cultural dominance, 564
Harcup, T., 489
Hardt, H., 54
hardware manufacturers, 60
Hardy, J., 451
Hargreaves, D. J., 554
harm, 66, 68, 70, 83, 107–8, 161
Harper, K., 449
Harries, D., 505
Harris, C., 450
Harris, S., 278
Harrisburg Pennsylvanian, 91
Hartley, J., 7
Harvey, D., 22
Hasinoff, A. A., 76
Hastrup, K., 504
hate groups, 77
Hathaway, Henry, 412
Hatteberg, Larry, 167
Hawaii, 283
Hayes, J. J., 328
Hays, H., 261
Hays Code, 72
Haythornthwaite, C., 503
HBO, 450
HCI, see human–computer interaction
Head Start, 528
headphones, 168
health-related online communities, 79
health sciences, 114
Healy, J. M., 520
heat map of “attention landscape,” 434, 434–5
Heath, S. B., 540
Hedge, R., 209
Heeter, C., 541
hegemony, 360
culture industry, and cultural studies, 363–7
Helen, 464
Heller, D., 423
Heller, R., 103
Henderson, J. M., 423
Henthorne, T. L., 100
Hepburn, Audrey, 191
Herman, E., 573
hermeneutics, 48
Hernández, A. M. B., 326
Herrera, L., 554
Herrera, R., 586
Herring, S., 501
Hess, A., 328
heteronormative family, 10
Hewson, C., 506
Hicks, T., 317
Hill, A., 448
Hillemann, E., 422
Hilmes, M., 383
Himanen, P., 228
Hirsch, E., 505
Hirsh, E., 505
His Girl Friday (Hawks), 404
Hispanics, 97
historical approaches to media studies, 381–96
methodologies, topics, and research questions, 384–6
Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 382
“historical predicament” of ethnography, 209
historical record, 8, 159, 167, 361, 387
historical research, 7, 66, 155–6, 158, 173–4, 181–2, 359
historical transgressions, 279
historiography, 31, 358–60, 368, 371, 377
History of Communication series, 382
History Workshop, Ruskin College, 158
Hitchcock, Alfred, 400–3, 407–9, 415
Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, The (movie), 130
Hofstadter, D., 315
Hoganson, K., 371
Hoggart, R., 366
Holbrook, M., 120
holistic approaches, 6, 28, 43–4, 82, 113–14, 116, 118–19, 123, 129, 147, 157, 196, 428, 432, 499
holistic media studies, 6
Hollingsworth, L. A., 449
Hollywood, 7, 10–12, 92, 124, 185, 190–3, 344, 359, 389, 412–14
Holmqvist, K., 422
Holocaust, 279
Holohan, S., 325
Holstein, J. A., 136, 137, 139, 141, 205, 452
Home Office (UK), 395
homophobia, 10
Hong Kong, 27
Government, 390
Public Records Office, 390
Honkasalo, M.-L., 230
horizontal form of growth, 204
Horkheimer, M., 365
House of Lords Record Office, see Parliamentary Archives
House of Representatives, US, 90
How I Met Your Mother (TV show), 342
Howard-Hassman, R. E., 278
Howell, M. C., 391
HRECs, see human research ethics committees
HSFR, see Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences
Hudson, Rock, 191
Huertas, A., 586
Huesca, R., 205
Hughes, A., 422
Huhman, B., 308
Human Communication Research, 314
human–computer interaction (HCI), 519–20, 522, 529
human eye movements, structural components of, 423–6
human identity, 25
human processing, 250
human research ethics committees (HRECs), 71
human subjective responses, 121
human subjects protections, 161
humanities, 41, 45, 48, 59, 66, 70, 339, 358, 368, 410
Hunter, D., 325
Hussein, Saddam, 287
Hutchinson, P. M., 449
hybridization, 14
Hyman, I. E., Jr., 161
HyperRESEARCH, 184
“hypodermic needle” model, 12
hypotheticals, 146
I, Rigoberta Menchu (Menchu & Burgos-Debray), 175
IAT (implicit association test), 259
ICA (International Communication Association), 47, 313
iCarly (TV sitcom), 343
iChat, 147
iconic imagery, 323
ICR, see Institute of Communications Research
identity
boundaries, exploration of, 140
categories of, 9
national, 7, 8, 338–9, 342, 348–51, 353, 355, 391
and oral history, 161
technologies, 8
ideographic criticism, 323
ideology and epistemology, questions of, 68–9
IDIs, see in-depth interviews
IDRC, see International Development Research Centre
IDS, see Institute of Development Studies
Igartúa, J., 576
illegal materials, 77
Illingworth, N., 510
ILM, see Industrial Light & Magic
“imitation” as “a communication from soul to soul” (Tarde), 44
immediacy assumption, 427
immigrant media, 13
immigrants, 11, 14, 99, 326, 352–3, 369, 503, 571–89
discourses on their media images, 577–8
immigration, 296, 329, 342, 353, 570–5, 577, 579–83, 585, 587, 589
in Spain, journalists' discourses on “problem” of Latin American, 581–3
implicit association test, see IAT
inadequate question wording, 103
inbuilt web cameras, 123
income disparity, 96
Independencia, Monterrey, Mexico, 189
independent measures design, 272
independent variables, 239
manipulated, 243
measuring perceptual shifts in physical and virtual play, 533–40
in-depth interviews (IDIs), 94
Indiana Jones (movie series), 344, 565
Indigenous Environmental Network, 122
indigenous peoples, exploitation of, 124
Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), 7
industry units, 246
Infante, Pedro, 190
informal conversational interview, 140
information absorbers, 118
information processing, 31, 135, 420, 422–3, 425, 427–30, 435, 437–9
information technology (IT), 471, 520, 541, 542n
informational flows, 22
informed consent, 65, 67, 70, 74–5, 78–81, 107, 162, 171, 508, 513
form, 148
Ingold, T., 499
insider/outsider dilemmas, 206–10
Instagram, 500
instant messages, 80
Institute for Advanced Research, Princeton University, 361
Institute of Communications Research (ICR), University of Illinois, 4
Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 82
institutional bureaucracies, 66
institutional governance, 81
institutional review boards (IRBs), 69, 107, 141–3, 305
protocol, 142
instrument design, in surveys, 90
instrument equivalence, 93
insurance companies, 79
intellectual property, 9
intent and motivation, questions of, 67
interactive virtual technology (IVT), 519–23, 528, 532, 539–42, 543n
interactivity, 3, 95, 246, 483, 492
intercoder reliability, 308–12
interdisciplinarity, 3
convergence, globalization, and technological development, 19–34
interdisciplinary approaches to understanding transnationalism and communication, 570–90
interdisciplinary research, 32–4, 473–594
interdiscipline of present and future, 1–15
International Association for Media and History, 382
International Communication Association, see ICA
international communications, 13
International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 83
International Journal of Internet Research Ethics, 79
international perspectives, 3
Internet, 13, 20, 27, 32, 43, 45–6, 76–81, 89, 91, 94–5, 122, 165, 227, 229, 242, 338, 406, 420, 445, 475–9, 482–3, 485, 489, 498–507, 510, 513, 519–23, 528, 540–2
in everyday practices and media ethnography, 504–6
Internet Archive, 482
Internet: An Ethnographic Approach (Miller and Slater), 503
Internet Rights & Principles Coalition (IRP), 80
Internet World Stats, 122
interpersonal communication, 40, 58
interpersonal space to communicate attitudes (proxemics), 147
interpretation and response, 127
Interpretation of Cultures, The (Geertz), 361
interpretive studies, 9
interpretivism, 48
interrogation, interview as, 141
avoiding, 170
intersectional analysis, 6
interval
level of measurement, in media research, 101–2
sampling, 97
interviewing
active approach, 137
brief history and philosophy, 136–9
creative, 140
and ethnography, 136
free-form techniques, 140
interview(s), 14
adapt to subject's schedule, 166
allowing silence, 146
analyzing and writing data, 149–51
audio, 156
comfortable location, 166
and data collection, 146–9, 163–4
eye contact, 171
face-to-face, 94
functional interview continuum, 139
gender and, 148
informal conversational interview, 140
as interrogation, 141
with journalists, 284
length, 184
limit distractions, 166
limit each session, 166
as marriage, 136
narrative, 141
analysis and interpretation, 173–5
power relationship in, 136
pre-memo, 148
process of qualitative inquiry, 135–52
protocol in photovoice study, 471–2
respondent, 183
as social encounter, 137
standardized open-ended, 183
template, 145
transcriptions, 172
video, 156
“interview society,” 143
Invention of Journalism, The (Chalaby), 382
Inzunza, B., 196n
IP addresses, 79
iPads, 312
Iran–Contra affair, 278
IRBs, see institutional review boards
Ireland, 384
IRP, see Internet Rights & Principles Coalition
Irwin, K., 10
Islam, 278
IT, see information technology
Fascist, 364
item reversal, 105
ITN (Independent Television News), 388
IVT, see interactive virtual technology
Iyengar, S., 273
Jack, D., 140, 145, 147, 148, 150
Jack the Ripper and the London Press (Curtis), 384
Jackman, Hugo, 561
Jackson, B., 209
Jackson, Peter, 130
Jackson, S., 244
Jacobs, S., 244
Jago, B. J., 223
Jamfa, L., 279
Jamieson, K. H., 323
Jancovich, M., 191
Japan, 14, 27, 104, 106, 202, 209, 214, 279, 450
Japanese Diet, 283
Japp, P. M., 278
jargon in media studies, 102–3, 146
Jasinski, J., 324
Jaume I University, 567
Jay, M., 376
jazz, and oral history interviewing, 170
Jenkins, H., 502, 505, 522, 540
Jenkins, K., 384
Jewish Americans, 371
Joensson, E., 422
John Rylands Library, Manchester, UK, 388–9
Johnson, A. S., 538
Johnson, E. S., 543n
Johnson, J., 369
Johnson, Lyndon B., 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296
Jordan, J. W., 323
Joseph, R., 6
Josephson, S., 422
journalism, 43, 46, 50, 60, 66, 72, 149, 156–7, 169, 171–3, 175, 202, 211, 245–7, 338–9, 343, 345, 352, 354–5, 382, 384–6, 392, 482, 484–7, 490–2, 514
Journalism and Communication Monographs, 11, 12
journalists, 24, 73, 91, 98, 143, 158, 166, 168–70, 172–4, 180, 278, 283–4, 291, 344, 385–6, 392–3, 477, 484–5, 572–3
discourses on “problem” of Latin American immigration in Spain, 581–3
Juan, 191
judgment sampling, 98
Julian, S., 347, 349, 352, 354
Juliano, D., 573
Juno (movie), 11
Jurkowski, J. M., 449
Just, N., 61
Kabookii, 529
Kaestle, C. F., 375
Kafai, Y., 504
Kafka, B., 8
Kahrl, A., 376
Kaid, L. L., 492
Kain, E., 446
KAKE-TV, 167
Kampf, Z., 278, 280, 281, 286, 287, 297, 299
Kaneko, C. R. S., 424
Kaplan, R., 384
Kaptelinin, V., 521
Karahalios, K., 6
Kassing, J. W., 326
Kasson, J., 365
Katnani, H. A., 421
Katriel, T., 328
Katz, E., 91, 120, 127, 180, 448, 452
Kaufmann, J., 222
Kearney, M. C., 447
Keil, A., 435
Kelly, Grace, 415
Kelly, L., 101
Kendall, P., 183
Kennedy, John F., 284, 288, 293, 294, 295, 296
Kenya, 201
Kenyatta, J., 201
Khatena–Torrance Creative Perception Inventory (KTCPI), 534–5, 538
Kheda Communication Project, India, 72
Khosravinik, M., 326
Kickmeier-Rust, M., 422
Kidman, Nicole, 561
Kikuyu tribe, 201
Kim, S., 6
Kincheloe, J. L., 554
Kinder, D. R., 273
kinescopes, 157
kinesics (body movements or postures), 147
King, Cecil, 389
Kirchik, J., 278
Kissler, J., 435
Kitch, C., 159
Klapper, J., 47
Knesset (Israel), 283
Knies, K., 44
Knocked Up (movie), 11
Knotts-Callahan, D., 524
knowledge
critical, 28
division of disciplinary, 59–60
documentation, 135
instrumental, 59
reflexive, 59
score, 247
types of, 28
Kobbernagel, C., 117, 118, 119, 128, 131
Komedie om Geld (The Trouble With Money) (Ophuls), 414
Korean cookery, 352
Koss, S., 385
Kotval, X. P., 430
Kowalczyk, L., 347
Kozinets, R. V., 328
Krejcie, R. V., 99
Kreysa, H., 421
Krippendorff, K., 53, 309, 314, 478, 495n, 548
Krippendorff's alpha, 309, 312
Kroger, R., 326
Krosnick, J. A., 247
Krzyanowski, M., 326
KTCPI, see Khatena–Torrance Creative Perception Inventory
Kuhn, M. A., 257
Kuhn, T. S., 42
Kulik, J., 160
La Pastina, A., 200, 201, 202, 203, 209
La Reynera, Monterrey, Mexico, 189
Laberg, J., 494
labor, 2, 5, 7–9, 11, 13–14, 72, 90, 359, 363, 367, 387, 486, 574–5, 578, 582–3, 589
Labour Party (UK), 395
Lachlan, K. A., 243
Lamnek, S., 436
Landon, A., 92
Lang, G. E., 50
Langer, G., 106
language, 2, 27, 40, 43, 49, 54, 61n, 71, 80, 90, 130, 140–1, 145–6, 148, 150, 207, 219, 229, 291, 299, 320–5, 327–8, 339, 342, 354, 373, 376, 384, 401, 421, 454, 460, 488, 525, 548–9, 554, 563–4, 566, 572–3, 584
Language of Politics: Studies in Quantitative Semantics (Lasswell et al.), 54
Language and Style of Film Criticism, The (Clayton and Klevan), 403
laptops, 123, 149, 200, 227, 312
Lasswell, H. D., 54
Last Rights: Revisiting Four Theories of the Press (Nerone), 6
Latin America, 13, 14, 33, 185, 205, 288, 554, 567, 571–3, 576–8, 580–1, 583, 585–90
see also Latino diasporas and media
Latino, 588
Latino diasporas and media, 14, 570–90
Argentineans: “If we do not talk, they do not realize we are Argentineans,” 580–1
attitude of fear toward Colombians, 575–6
brotherly attitude toward Argentineans, 576–7
Colombians: “They see us as “bad” people and they are afraid of us,” 579–80
compassionate view of Ecuadorians, 574–5
cultural and media consumption in diasporic contexts, 585–8
discourses on self-representation: ethnic media in global cities, 583–5
Ecuadorians: “We are just the poor and we get angry,” 578–9
immigrants' discourses on their media images, 577–8
interdisciplinary approaches to understanding transnationalism and communication, 570–90
journalists' discourses on “problem” of Latin American immigration in Spain, 581–3
notes for further explorations, 588–90
representations of otherness in news media discourse: Latin Americans in Spain, 573–4
transnational perspective: interstices of thinking “glocally,” 571–3
Latour, M. S., 100
Laurel, B., 540
Laurent D., 506
Law, J., 505
Law and Order (TV series), 119, 125
Lazarsfeld, P., 62n, 91, 141, 359
leading questions, 103
Leander, K., 504
Lee, A. J., 385
Lee, H. B., 99
Lee, J., 499
Lee, K. V., 223
Lee, P. S. C., 308
Lee, R. M., 506
Lee, W. S., 333
Leff, M. C., 324
“legacy of fear,” 73
legacy media, 13
legal discourse, 582
legal records, online, 79
legal release form, 171
Leigh, Vivien, 194
leisure activities, 196
Lemmer, S., 423
Len, A., 439
Lenhart, A., 522
Lester, M., 180
Letter From an Unknown Woman (Ophuls), 412–14
Leuchtenburg, W. E., 282
levels of measurement, in media research
Levie, W. H., 426
Levine, L. H., 362
Levine, T. R., 243
Levitt, P., 586
Lewenstein, M., 422
Lewinsky, Monica, 278
lexemes, 285
Lexis, 344
Lieberman, D. A., 522
Liebes, T., 120, 127, 180, 446, 452
life history, 157
Life on the Screen (Turkle), 501
life situations, 225
liking (on social network sites), 58
Lincoln, Y., 204, 205, 206, 345
Lind, J., 279
Lindenfeld, L., 10
Lindlof, T., 125, 136, 138, 140, 141, 144, 164, 182, 183, 203, 321, 328, 331, 344
Lindsey, J., 299
linguistic equivalence, 93
Lion King, The (animated movie), 562
Lírico cinema, Monterrey, Mexico, 188
listening habits, radio, 55
Listening In (Douglas), 376
listening to narrator's moral language, 156
Lister, R., 231
listservs, 78
literary studies, 157, 159, 340
Little, R. A. J., 106
Liu, H.-C., 439
Livingstone, S., 1, 20, 26, 127, 129, 520, 522
loaded questions, 103
local broadcasting, 66
local history societies, 158
location for interviews, comfortable, 166
Locke, K., 348
logic of controlled experiment, 237–8
Lomax, J., 158
Lombard, M., 30, 304, 313, 314
London, 14, 33, 136, 386, 388, 390, 584, 589
London Metropolitan University, 390
Lopes, D. M., 423
Lord of the Rings, The (movie trilogy), 11, 130
Lorenzo, O., 554
Lorgen, L., 494
Lorigo, L., 430
Los Lunnis (TV children's program), 552, 555, 564
Losnegaard, G. S., 494
Lost (TV drama series), 446
Lotz, A., 202
Lucas, S., 322
Lucía, 192
Ludwig, C. J. H., 421
Lund, A. B., 476
Lundgren, J. D., 262
Lundqvist, D., 422
Lunicienta, 565
Lunt, P., 127
Luntz, F., 103
Lutz, R. J., 100
Lykke, N., 221
Lyman, S. A., 136
Maasen, S., 426
MacDonald, B., 349
MacDonald, M. N., 325
Machicado, J., 586
Machin, D., 325
MacLean, K., 164
Macquarie University, 382, 388
Mad Men (TV drama series), 446
Madden, M., 522
Madero Avenue, Monterrey, Mexico, 187, 190
Madge, J., 139
Madison, D. S., 333
Madison Avenue, 365
Madrid, Spain, 33
magazines, 6, 10, 77, 91–2, 115, 158, 169, 320, 323, 338, 351, 369, 371, 376, 387, 392, 431, 584, 588
Magnet, S., 12
magnitude response scales, 246
Making Whiteness (Hale), 370
Malcolm X, 368
Mali, 344
Maltby, R., 180
management approaches, differences in, 212
Manchester Guardian, 385–6, 388–9
Manhartsberger, M., 422
manifest content, 31, 54, 305, 339, 355, 478, 490, 495n
manipulated independent variables, 243
Mankekar, P., 203
Manliness and Civilization (Bederman), 369
Mann, C., 506
MANOVA (multiple analysis of variance test), 265
manual coding, 277, 279, 281, 298–9, 477, 483, 489
techniques, 30
mapping contemporary paradigms, 45–6
Maravillas cinema, Monterrey, Mexico, 188
Marchand, R., 365
Marchionini, G., 422
Marcus, G. E., 24, 201, 220, 502–3
María Elena, 188
market-based discourse practices, 326
market-driven forms of representation, 9
market research, 53, 57, 90–1, 101, 375
on products and brands, 90
market share, 92
marketing, 9, 61, 72–4, 79, 114, 347, 365, 374–5, 542, 583
campaigns, 74
research, 73
“marketplace of ideas,” 50
Marlowe, D., 247
marriage, interview as, 136
Marsh, J., 522
Marshall, P. D., 505
Martin, A. C., 449
Martin, J. L., 91
Martín, L., 574
Martín Barbero, J., 586
Marvin, C., 7
masculinity studies, 4
mass communication, 30, 40, 50–1, 101, 247, 250, 271–3, 299
research, 43, 91, 203, 236–7, 256, 265–6, 269, 271–2
Mass Communication Theory (McQuail), 4
Mass Observation, 395
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 72
Massanari, A., 499
Mattillo, G. M., 73
Mattison, N., 317
maximum-variety sample strategy, 182
Maxwell, R., 13
Mayans, J., 501
Mayhew, H., 136
Mazzarella, S. R., 3, 4, 9–10, 20, 522
McChesney, R. W., 384
McDonald, D. G., 272
McEnery, T., 326
McGhee, D. E., 259
McKee, A., 346
McKeown, B. F., 115, 116, 118, 131
McKerrow, R. E., 323
McKim, K., 504
McLaren, P., 554
McLeskey, J., 426
McMahan, E. M., 175
McNay, L., 231
McNealy, S., 79
McNeil, M., 221
MCS, see Millennium Cohort Study
Mean, L. J., 326
meaning construction/production, 135
measurement equivalency, 106
measures
in cross-cultural research
of concepts, 100
of variables, 101
Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes (Robinson et al.), 101
Meddaugh, P. M., 13
Medford, K., 231
Medhurst, M. J., 282
media
and communications research, ambiguity of, 43–5
competences, 121
consumers, 9, 29, 202, 301, 343
content regulation, 7
globalization, technological development, and interdisciplinarity, 19–34
culture and materiality: culture industries, senses, and books, 374–7
and digital ethnography, 32, 498–515
discourse, representation as constitutive of media, 341–2
effects, see effects: media
ephemeral, quantitative approaches, 14, 475–95
events, 46
globalization, 11
images, immigrants' discourses on their, 577–8
industries, 7, 9, 45, 179, 195, 446, 514
ownership and control, 2
power and social inequality, 127
producers, 8–9, 24, 118, 127, 131, 340
production, 8, 20, 22–3, 27, 29, 60, 113–14, 118, 124, 127, 129–30, 132, 199–200, 202, 387, 460, 505–6, 580, 589
representations, 114, 202, 345, 352, 573, 578, 589
research, see media research
studies, see media studies
synergy, 7
technologies, old, 2
and gratification, 46
violence, 73
and aggression, 73
research, 73
Media and the American Child (Scharrer and Comstock), 12
Media Archives Project database, 388
media exposure factor, 265
Media History, 382
Media History Database (Australian), 388
Media and Modernity, The (Thompson), 382
Media Press SL, 584
media psychology research, 248
media research
challenges and controversies in, 50–9
history of competing motives, 72–4
how between-subjects designs can be used in, 271–3
utilizing Q methodology in, 118–19
media studies
audience and interpretation, 5
blind spots, 25
content and representation, 5
critical approaches, 1
experimental research in, 236–52
historical approaches to, 381–96
as interdiscipline, 3
interpretive approaches, 1
methodological issues in, 19–34
multidisciplinary nature, 20
qualitative approaches, 1, 4, 5
review of research approaches to traditional and new, 521–3
situating research methods in, 22–5
MediaSmarts, 73
mediated mode, in Q methodology composite model, 120
mediated time and space, perceptions of, 139
mediation, 1, 3, 123, 199–200, 252
medical science, 69
Medie Norge, 476
Mediterránea de Cultura y Medios, 584
medium pacing, 251
Megill, A., 368
“Melanin on the Margins: Advertising and the Cultural Politics of Fair/Light/White Beauty in India” (Parameswaran) 11
memoir, 157, 173, 369, 375, 385
memories
adulthood, 183
of films and cinema-going in Monterrey, 179–96
spontaneous, 183
and brain, 159
cinema, 182
collective cultural, 7
long-term, 161
retrieval, 160
Menchu, R., 175
mental illness, 107
mental violence, 100
Merriam-Webster dictionary, 285–6
Merton, R. K., 57, 58, 92, 183
message(s), 46
control, 284
instant, 80
manipulation, 251
metadiscipline, 42
metaphor, 50, 136, 324, 346, 366, 405, 500–3, 566, 575–6
meta-statements, 150
method in media studies, 5
methodological approaches, complex, 541–2
methodological individualism, 44
methodology, 19–34, 39–41, 46–9, 51, 53–5, 57–60, 66, 72, 74, 76, 89–93, 135–8, 147, 151, 152n, 179–81, 199–205, 207, 210, 213–14, 219, 226, 237, 256, 258, 299, 314, 321, 323, 326–7, 330, 338–42, 344, 358, 360–1, 381–5, 387, 393–4, 408, 417–18, 420–3, 428, 430, 432, 437, 439, 445–9, 451–2, 465–7, 475–6, 478, 481–3, 487–8, 490, 498–500, 502, 505–8, 515, 541, 549–50, 552, 554, 571, 583, 585
Metropolitan University of Monterrey, 196n
Metz, C., 410
Michael, E., 205
Michelle, C., 25, 29, 117, 118, 120, 124, 125
micro-movements, fixations, saccades, 423–6
microphone, 149, 162, 168, 206
middle class, 3, 118, 144, 185, 188, 190, 370–1, 392, 577–8
migration, 90, 353, 570–2, 577, 581, 589
Mihaela, 463
Milgram study, 107
militarism, 124
military experience, 121
military oppression, 124
Mill, J. S., 69
Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), 94
Miller, A., 245
Miller, D., 503
Miller, E., 522
Miller, George, 561
Miller, N. K., 221
Miller, P., 449
Millsberry.com, 524, 524, 526
Minge, J. M., 223
“minimal effects” model, 73
minimal risk, research offering, 143
Ministry of Propaganda (UK, WWI), 72
Minitab software, 306
Minkler, M., 449
Miranda, O., 196n
Mirror Group of newspapers, 389
Mishra, S., 29
Miskell, P., 389
mistranslation, 104
MIT, see Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mitchell, K. J., 76
Mitchell, W. J. T., 76
Miura, A., 524
mixed approach to content analysis, 277–300
advantages and disadvantages, 297–300
administering Manual Coding Procedure, 286–8
“mixed effects” model, 73
mixed method research, 32–4, 473–594
experimenting with mixed research methods to study complex virtual interactions, 523
mixed-mode surveys, 105
mobile audiences, 22
mobile telephony, 2, 13, 105, 446
Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, 388
Mody, B., 72
Moe, H., 494
Molander, A., 49
Molina-Guzmán, I., 6
Molino, J., 550
Molnar, F., 439
Monge, D., 6
Monterrey, Mexico, 29, 179–80, 183–4
memories of films and cinema-going in, 179–96
Monterrey Institute of Technology, 196n
Montreal, Canada, 313
Moody, M., 450
Moore, K., 11
Moore, R. L., 73
moral labor of individuals, 7
moral language, 150
moral panic, 10
Morén, J., 422
Morgan, B. L., 249
Morgan, D. W., 99
Morley, D., 6, 26, 127, 180, 203, 448, 505, 554
Morocco, 574
Morrel-Samuels, S., 449
Morrone, M. C., 440n
Morse, J., 182
mortification, 280
Mosco, V., 49
Mosdell, N., 75
Mosheer, A. M., 326
motivation and intent, questions of, 67
see also cinema-going and films in Monterrey
movie music, exploring effects of on childhood, 547–67
movies, 9–11, 61n, 72, 119, 122, 126, 181, 184–96, 323, 342–4, 362, 367, 405, 420, 422, 446, 526, 534–5, 537–9, 547–8, 552–4, 561–6, 588
elements of musical language used in, 563
exploring effects of TV and movie music on childhood, 547–67
Hollywood, 7, 10–12, 92, 124, 185, 190–3, 344, 359, 389, 412–14
see also film(s)
MTV, 306
Mubarak, H., 283
MUDs, see multi-user dimensions
Muggs, J. F., 162
Mugo, C., 317
Mukherjee, R., 6
Mullany, L., 278
multimethod research, 32
multimodal nature of media, 19
multiple analysis of variance test (MANOVA), 265
multiple identities, 30
multiple telephone carriers, 105
multi-user dimensions (MUDs), 80, 501
multivariate analysis, 14
Muncey, T., 219
Munoz, B., 196n
Murcia, 587
Murphy, Brittany, 561
Murphy, P., 201, 202, 203, 205, 499
museums, 201
music
elements of musical language used in movie, 563
exploring effects of TV and movie music on childhood, 547–67
levels of credibility, 549
methodology for analyzing soundtracks, 549
ordering of musical elements in narrative sequence, 564
research into listening, 56
musical analysis, 25
Mussell, J., 388
mutual exclusion, 480
Myers, L. E., 161
Mylonas, Y., 325
NAACP, see National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Naets, H., 495n
Namibia, 279
Narayan, S. S., 247
narcotizing dysfunction, 92
narrative(s), 2, 11, 20, 131, 135, 145, 149–50, 157, 160, 174–5, 181–2, 194–5, 204, 209, 211, 280, 322–4, 342, 362, 377, 404, 407, 414, 448, 451–3, 484, 487, 511, 549, 551, 553, 555, 561–2, 564–5, 567
criticism, 323
interview, 141
logic of, 150
transportation, 120
narratology, 48
Nataraajan, R., 100
National Archives (London), 390
National Archives (US), 283, 389
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 370
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 107
National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (NESH) (Norway), 70
national and foreign films, memories of, 189–93
national identity, 7, 8, 338–9, 342, 348–51, 353, 355, 391
National Institutes of Health (NIH) (US), 108
National Research Act 1974 (US), 70
National Union of Journalists (UK), 388
“Nationwide” Audience, The (Morley), 448
Native Americans, 98
“native” ethnographies, 199
Nattiez, J., 550
natural sciences, 41, 47, 52, 59
NBC, 162
N'Dour, Youssou, 344
Negra, D., 6
neoliberal critique, 10
neoliberal global regime, 10
neoliberalism, 6–7, 9–11, 45, 343, 372
Nerone, J., 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 20, 396n
Nesbitt, K. M., 73
NESH, see National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities
Netemeyer, R. G., 101
Netherlands, the 1, 27
networked digital media, 25
networks, 2, 4, 6, 9, 22–3, 25, 58, 60, 144, 222, 304–5, 375–7, 387, 390, 499, 503–4, 506, 566, 571, 588
social, 58, 81, 164, 377, 500, 504, 510–12, 586
neutrality, 118
Neuendorf, K.A., 478
Neuenschwander, J. A., 172
Neuman, S., 525
Nevins, A., 158
“New Beginning, A” (Obama address), 283
“new media,” 2–3, 6–7, 13–14, 20, 27, 115, 313, 505, 519, 521
technologies, 2, 28, 66, 81, 519, 540
New Media of Surveillance, The (Gates and Magnet), 12
New Orleans, 377
New Statesman (UK), 388
“New World in My View” (True Blood, episode 10, season 2), 451
New York, 33, 53, 156, 160, 162, 284, 323, 367, 377, 584
New York Times, 79, 142, 172, 446
New Zealand, 11, 27, 71, 120, 383, 391
news
anchor, 157
commercial, 73
cross-media consumption, 119
international coverage, 120
media discourse, representations of otherness in, 573–4
methodology of analysis, 475–95
update addicts, 119
News and the British World (Potter), 383
News of the World (UK), 387
newsgroups, 78
newspaper(s), 9, 39, 43–4, 53–4, 71, 73, 91–2, 115, 119, 148, 170, 180, 205, 222, 367, 369, 371, 376, 383–9, 391–4, 403, 420, 422, 431, 455, 476, 482–3, 489, 572–4, 577–8, 582–4, 588
digital, 388
food reviews of ethnic restaurants, 31, 338–55
Nexis, 344
Nicholas, S., 384
Nightline (TV show), 77
NIH, see National Institutes of Health
Nixon, Richard M., 160, 278, 283, 287, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295
noise distractions, 168
nominal level of measurement, in media research, 101–2
nomothetic approaches, 40
noncontact in survey research, 106
nonexperimental research projects, 70
nonprobability sampling procedures, 96–9
convenience, 98
expert, 99
haphazard, 98
nonproportional quota, 99
purposive, 98
volunteer, 98
nonproportional quota sampling, 99
nonrandom sampling, 115
nonresponse in survey research, 106
errors, 106
nonverbal techniques, four modes of, 147
chronemics, 147
kinesics, 147
paralinguistic, 147
proxemics, 147
NORC, University of Chicago, 92
North, A. C., 554
North by Northwest (Hitchcock), 410–11
Northcliffe, Lord, 389
Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK), 32, 475–7, 485
interactive features, 493
Nosotros los Pobres (movie), 190
Nova Duma SL, 584
Novak, D., 25, 31, 445, 448–9, 460, 465–6
Novak, K. B., 539
NRK see Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation
NRK Beta, 481
nudity, 192
Nuremberg Code, 70
Oakley, A., 136
Obama, Barack, 277–8, 284, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 300n, 495n
Oblak, I., 492
Oboler, A., 58
Obrero cinema, Monterrey, Mexico, 188
observation, 33, 43, 48, 58, 122, 129, 148, 150, 180, 199–202, 208–9, 221, 225–7, 232, 250, 255, 296, 304, 320, 339–40, 346, 364, 403, 412, 420–1, 438, 448, 506, 519, 521, 523, 525, 528–9, 531, 539, 543n, 551, 554
direct, 123
field, 74
length of fixations, 426, 428, 435
participant, 20, 24, 40, 78, 200–2, 205, 209, 344, 498–9, 502–4, 507–8, 510, 512, 583–5
of participation, 205
Ocio Latino, 588
O'Connor, H., 506
offensiveness of event, reducing, 280
Office of Radio Research, Princeton University, 91
Official Avatar Movie group, 122
offline ethnographies, 25
OHA, see Oral History Association
O'Keefe, D. J., 244, 245, 251, 252
old media technologies, 2
old people, see elderly
Oldham Local Studies and Archive (UK), 390
Olga, 188
Oliver, M., 520
Olwig, K., 504
O'Malley, T. P., 383
one-group pretest–post-test, 240
one-shot case study, 240
online behavior, 79
online conversations, 78
online credit information, 79
online data, 79
online environments, challenge of, 76–80
online fan response, 24
online gaming, 79
online legal records, 79
online news analysis, methodology of, 32, 475–95
object of research, 476
constructing coding design, 484–8
establishing computational coding design, 487–8
making coding scheme adjustments, 486–7
defining unit of analysis, 482–4
obtaining full population of data, 479–82
analyzing front pages, 482
dealing with mutual exclusion, 480
reconstructing database, 481
online research, 76
online sorting process, 123
online surveys, 66, 106, 112–13, 121–2
Ono, K. A., 323
open-ended questions, 101
Open the Social Sciences (Gulbenkian Commission), 59
open-source ethics, 81
open text, multiple readings, 340–1
Operation Coffee, 575
Operation Ludeco, 575
operational definition of research concept, 100
operationalizing dependent variables, 246–7
operationalizing independent variables, 245–6
opinion leaders, role in mediating media influence, 91–2
opinion polling, 136
Ora Ponciano (movie), 185
oral biography, 157
choosing your interviews, 164–7
electronic media, 172
eye contact, 171
and identity, 161
interview
analysis and interpretation, 173–5
and jazz, 170
legal release form, 171
noise distractions, 168
presentation and classroom use, 175
projects, 158
quote approval, 173
recovering and interpreting past, 156–8
reliability and validity, 160
repository, 175
transcriptions, 172
Oral History Association (OHA), 82, 157–8, 165
oral history interview, 157
Oral History Research Office, 158, 172
oral public culture, 115
oral tradition, 157
ordinal level of measurement, in media research, 101–2
Orgad, S., 510
organizations, list of, 96
“Orientalism,” 342
Orne, M. T., 247
Osborne, T., 52
Oscars (Academy Awards), 561
Osgood, C. E., 102
Oswald, K., 82
Other, the, 24, 136, 207, 209, 220, 352–5, 454, 554
representing in food reviews, 343–8
representing in news media discourse, 573–4
Othering, 201
us vs. them, 352
Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance (Gates), 12
Out of Africa (movie), 344
outcome reporting bias, 67
overt rehearsal, 160
ownership, 49
P set, 115
Pacific War, 300n
pacing
fast, 251
medium, 251
slow, 251
of speech and silence (chronemics), 147
of videos, 251
Pahlavi, M. R., 283
Pakistan, 284
Palacio cinema, Monterrey, Mexico, 187
Palestinian restaurant, 354
Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media, 382
Palmgreen, P., 101
panel presentation, 175
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 94
paper, construction and use of, 8
paradigm(s), 41
diversity, 4
paradigmatic blindness, 42
paralinguistic (variations in tone, pitch and quality of voice), 147
Parameswaran, R., 2, 11, 202, 205
parental consent, 74
parents, 60, 75, 96, 100, 187, 193–4, 587
Parés, N., 526
Parés, R., 526
Paris, France, 363
Park, R. E., 44
Park, W. K., 317
Parker, T., 174
Parliamentary Archives (formerly House of Lords Record Office), 389
parliamentary democracy, 52
participant observation, 20, 24, 40, 78, 200–2, 205, 209, 344, 498–9, 502–4, 507–8, 510, 512, 583–5
participatory and activist research, challenge of, 81–3
Pasadeos, Y., 308
Passel, J. S., 590
passive audience, 92
past, recovering and interpreting, 156–8
Patton, M. Q., 140, 182, 183, 186
Paul, G., 281
Paul-Ward, A., 449
Paulhus, D. L., 105
pavement radio, 199
payments, as benefits of research, 108
PBS station, 306
PC (personal computer), 431, 508, 529–31
PCQ, 117
pedagogy and deployment of identity technologies, 8
Pedone, C., 572
pedophilia, 77
Peña-Marín, C., 550
Pennsylvanian, Harrisburg, 91
people, working with, 29–30, 87–274
People's Choice, The (Lazarsfeld et al.), 91
perception, stimulus-driven, 426
perceptual shifts in physical and virtual play, measuring, 533–40
Pérez, Lucrecia, 574
Perris, R., 421
Persian cookery, 351
personal blogs, 79
personal computer, see PC
personal data, 79
Personal Influence (Katz & Lazarsfeld), 91
personal information footprints, 23
personal narrative, 157
personal reminiscences, 157
Personal Views (Wood), 414
Pestronk, R. M., 449
Peter Packet (video game), 522
Peters, J. W., 173
Peters, M. D., 273
Pew Research Center, 97
Philipsen, G., 328
philosophy, 3, 44, 69, 136, 143, 237
of science, 47
phone, see telephone
photovoice and media studies, 25, 31, 445–67
providing aesthetic foundation, 460–5
and reception interview, 451–2
results: using photographs to talk about television, 452–3
review of relevant literature: television reception studies, 447–8
screen capture and other visual examples, 470–1
crumpled paper, 454
eye changing from black to white, 455
lighted cross, 457
lighted hand, 462
meat in butcher's case, 457
meat tree, 456
red building on campus, 462
re-enactment of lighted hand scene, 463
seeing True Blood as character, 458
soldiers' graves, 459
traditional photovoice, 469–70
using photovoice to express manifest and latent themes, 453–60
physical gestures, 166
physical studio tabletop stage set, 536
physical violence, 100
Piaget, J., 525
Piccoli, B., 421
Pigmalión report, 554
Pike, R. M., 383
Pitton, V., 6
place-focused concept of culture, 32
Plains Indian Museum, Wyoming, 329
Platt, M., 524
play, see virtual play activity
plots and movies, memories of, 194–5
Plummer, K., 227
Pocoyó (TV cartoon series), 556, 560–1, 565
“Pointing the Finger of Blame: News Media Coverage of Popular-Culture Culpability” (Scharrer et al.), 12
police, 75–6, 141, 160, 575–6, 579
policy
implementation, 92
political activism, 125
political affiliations, 67
political campaigns, 90
political candidates, 89
political economy, 8–9, 48–50, 61, 359, 503, 514, 570, 572
political participation, 52
political parties, 45, 60, 271, 574–5
political rhetoric, 205
political science, 3, 47, 50, 54, 91, 114
politicians, 73, 167, 172–3, 342, 386, 395, 486, 583
politics, 6, 10, 23, 27, 55, 82, 144, 152, 202, 321, 333, 359, 366, 383, 385, 478, 484, 486–7, 491–2, 506, 583
Politics and the American Press (Kaplan), 384
polling
and prediction, 52
public opinion and communication, 51–3
“scientific polls,” 53
verifiability and reliability of, 53
polysemic texts, 24
Poole, E., 325
Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, 387
Pop Idol (TV show), 7
Popkin, H. A., 79
popular culture-oriented digital news consumers, 119
population
changes, 93
in survey methodology, 90
populist tendencies, 11
pornography, 65, 71, 76–7, 192
Porta, A., 25, 33, 549, 552–4, 556–7, 561–3, 566
Portelli, A., 159
Porter, D., 501
Porter, T. M., 42
Portugal, 589
positivism, 12, 47, 60, 68, 202
Posner, M. I., 426
“post,” politics of, 10
postcolonial, Africa, 199
postcolonial studies, 11
post-ethnographic field studies, 66
Postill, J., 504
postracial, 6
“post-soul” era, 6
poststructuralism, 23, 48, 340, 368–9
post-test-only control group design, 241
Potter, R. F., 247
Potter, W. J., 250
power, 68
dynamics, 21, 26, 33–4, 137–8, 140, 144, 147, 152, 208
relation(ships), 24–6, 29, 49, 61, 136–7, 205, 208, 220, 340, 350–1, 355, 371, 510
Power Rangers study, 73
“powerful effects” model, 73
Powers of the Press (Jones), 386
Pozo, J. I., 556
PQMethod, 117
Prague, Czech Republic, 282
prediction and polling, 52
pre-experimental designs, 240
one-group pretest–post-test, 240
one-shot case study, 240
static-group comparison, 240
pre-interviewing, 149
pre-memo, 148
Presence and the Structural Features of Television (Ditton et al.), 313
presentation, writing, and authorship, 313
presidential communications, 284
Press, A., 127
press conferences, 284, 288, 290, 300n
pretest–post-test control group design, 241
Prevenier, W., 391
prime-time news, 13
Princeton Radio Project, 55
Princeton University, 62n
Institute for Advanced Research, 361
Office of Radio Research, 91
print media, 3, 20, 23, 92, 158–9, 169, 173–4, 211–12, 220, 286, 312, 316–17, 388, 431, 482, 484, 512, 534, 579, 584, 588
printing, 40, 44, 46, 61n, 363, 376, 382, 490
prisoners, 107
privacy, 23, 34, 61, 65–6, 68, 74, 76, 78–82, 196n, 513, 520
private information, 171
private interactions, 78
prizes, as benefits of research, 108
probability sampling, 96–8, 268
procedure and conduct, questions of, 67–8
Producing Dreams, Consuming Youth: Mexican Americans and Mass Media (Mayer), 8
Production Code Seal, 73
production, media, 8, 20, 22–3, 27, 29, 60, 113–14, 118, 124, 127, 129–30, 132, 199–200, 202, 387, 460, 505–6, 580, 589
production studies, 9
Production Studies: Cultural Studies of Media Industries (Mayer et al.), 8
produsage, 114
produsers, 46
professional codes, 65
professional knowledge, 28, 60–1
Professor Heinz Wolff's Gravity (video game, aka Gravity), 529, 530, 531
Program for Inter-University Cooperation and Scientific Research between Spain and Latin America, 567
Program of Research on Communication and Attitude Change (Yale), 72
propaganda, enemy, 54
proportional quota sampling, 99
protocol
IRB, 142
questions, 142
proxemics (use of interpersonal space to communicate attitudes), 147
PSAs, see public service announcements
PSID, see Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Psycho (movie), 565
psychological measurement, 136
psychology, 3, 44, 47, 50, 101, 113–14, 157, 175, 247
Psychology of Media and Politics, The (Scharrer and Comstock), 12
psychophysiological measures, 245
public accessibility, 78
public apology, 278
public data, 79
Public Health Service (US), 70
public memory, 159
Public Opinion (Lippmann), 91
public opinion, 44–5, 49, 72, 89, 91, 108, 393
quantification of, 51
“Public Papers of the Presidents” (US National Archives), 283
public service announcements (PSAs), 245
public stigmatizing, 77
Pueblo Nuevo, 584
Puerto Ricans, 323
pull factors, 582
Puppis, M., 61
purposive sampling, 98
push factors, 582
Q methodology, 29
potential contribution to answering key questions in media studies, 126–31
utility and challenges of, 112–32
utilizing in media research, 118–19
Q research online, 117
Q sort grid, 116
Q sorting, 117, 122–3, 125, 132
qualitative analysis, 54–5, 184, 339, 539
qualitative approaches, 1, 4, 14, 54, 113, 325, 327
qualitative content analysis, 51, 53
qualitative inquiry, process of, 135–52
qualitative interviews, 179–96
and exploration of cinema-goers' memories, 181–4
qualitative measures, triangulation with quantitative measures, 32, 475–6
qualitative/quantitative divide, beyond, 112–32
qualitative research, 9
text-based approaches to, 31, 319–33
Quandt, T., 478
quantification of public opinion, 51
quantifiable results, 92
quantitative analysis, 54–5, 548
quantitative approaches, 9, 41, 128, 202, 322
quantitative coding, 54
quantitative content analysis, 30, 54–5, 339, 342, 477, 485
quantitative measures: triangulation with qualitative measures, 32, 475–6
quantitative newspaper analysis, 53
quasi-experimental designs, 241
queer studies, 50
question templates, guidelines for building, 136
questionnaire
assessing mode of delivering, 94–5
distribution, 29
and responding fatigue, 105
structure and appearance, 104–5
thematic, 183
questions
closed-ended, 101
do not interrogate, 170
double-barreled, 103
double-negative, 103
follow-up, 146
inadequate wording, 103
loaded/leading, 103
of motivation and intent, 67
open-ended, 101
in oral history interviews, 169–71
research, see research: questions
types of, in research surveys, 101
Quinn, S., 422
proportional, 99
Rabun County, Georgia, 158
race, 4, 6, 10–11, 26, 33–4, 50, 104, 145–6, 205, 214, 267, 304, 342, 353, 359, 368–70, 376, 499, 543n
racial inclusivity, 4
Racial Order of Things, The (Mukherjee), 6
Radach, K., 423
radiation experiments (1940s–1960s) study, 107
radical uncertainty and contingency, 13
radio, 2–3, 46, 55–6, 83, 91–2, 98–9, 242, 284, 338, 376, 384, 387, 476–7, 479, 486–7, 579–80, 583, 588
community, 66, 72, 83, 200, 205, 213–14
media ethnography on local radio station in Africa, 199–214
“pavement,” 199
Radio X (S. Africa), 199, 204–13
Rae, S. F., 92
Rajoy, M., 14
Raleigh Star, 91
Rambo, C., 230
Ramírez, Á., 572
Ramírez, J., 586
Ramstein Air Base, Germany, 284
random assignment to conditions, 241
random digit dialing (RDD), 97
random selection, 97, 120, 268
rapport between researcher and participant, 140
Rarey, M., 328
Rather, D., 173
ratio level of measurement, in media research, 101–2
Rattine-Flaherty, E., 449
Rayner, K., 421
RDD, see random digit dialing
Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, 387
Readex's America's Historical Newspapers, 387
Reading Experience Database, 1450–1945 (RED), 392–3
reading techniques, 324
Reagan, Ronald, 278, 283, 284, 289, 290, 291, 293, 295, 296
reality as constructed, 341
real-time communicative processing, 140
real-world violence, desensitization to, 73
Rear Window (Hitchcock), 415–17
REBs, see research ethics boards
receiver
in sender–receiver model, 46, 212
reception interview and photovoice, 451–2
reception process of visual perception, 420
recognition technology, 12
reconstituted matrix of research, 28
reconstruction and analysis of visual perception and processing, 422
record-keeping, 161
recording
of memories, 157
see also oral history
video, 115, 168–9, 306, 504, 512, 585
recovering and interpreting past, 156–8
recruitment strategies, 144
RECs, see research ethics committees
RED, see Reading Experience Database, 1450–1945
reducing offensiveness of event, 280
Reed, L. E., 449
Reed-Danahay, D., 220, 221, 223
referential mode, in Q methodology composite model, 120
reflexive ethnography, 204
reflexive research, 29
refugees, 326
registered voters list, 96
Reich, R. D., 304
Reid, E. M., 502
Reisigi, M., 327
relevance system, 436
reliability, 41, 51, 53, 100–1, 160, 260, 262, 288, 303, 305, 316, 476, 478, 486–90, 548, 552
of cross-cultural research measurement, 100
and verifiability of polling, 53
religion(s), 3, 44, 130–1, 264, 392, 454–6, 465, 573
religious beliefs, 121
remediation, 3
Rentz, J. O., 93
repeated calling, 106
repetition, 230
reporteros populares (people's reporters), 205
representation
as constitutive of media discourse, 341–2
research, 9
study of, 5
representational analysis, 9–10
representative sample, 90, 92, 98, 115, 130–1, 578
Republic, The (Plato), 53
Republican Party, 271
research
administrative
concept of, 43
conceptual definition, 100
conceptual equivalency, 100
operational definition, 100
design, 74, 184, 245, 249, 265, 419, 423, 428, 439, 478, 481, 485–6, 490, 519
ethics, 65–84; see also ethics
exploitive, 56
methodologies, 22
methods in media studies, situating, 22–5
online, 76
participatory and activist, 81–3
questions, 75
addressed by controlled experiments, 239–40
in conducting mixed approach to content analysis, 281–2
developing, 304
see also questions
reconstituted matrix of, 28, 59–61
“Research Ethics 2.0,” 81
research ethics boards (REBs), 71
research ethics committees (RECs), 71
Research Exercise Framework, 383
research saga, lessons learned from, 303–17
coder selection and training, 307–8
data entry and analysis, 312
design, 305
intercoder reliability, 308–12
origins: developing research questions, 304–5
sampling and material collection, 305–6
writing, authorship, and presentation, 313
researcher reflexivity, 31
resistance, social ethics of, 69
“respect for persons,” 77
respondent interviews, 138, 183
responding fatigue, 105
managing, 106
response styles, 106
extreme, 106
responsibility, evading, 280
Retis, J., 13, 14, 33, 571–5, 582, 584–9
retrieval, memory, 160
Rettberg, J., 502
Reuters, 388
Reynolds, F. D., 93
Rheingold, H., 501
rhetoric of nonverbal gestures, 48
rhetorical criticism, 323
Rhoads, J. C., 115
Richards, J., 383
Rimm, M., 76
Rimm study, 77
Rincón, O., 586
risks and benefits assessment, 107
rituals, 48, 193, 196, 327, 361–3, 370, 455–6, 464
Rizo, M., 573
Robertson, C., 8
Robinson, D. C., 118
Robinson, J. P., 101
robots, search engine, 79
Rockefeller Foundation, 55
Rodgers, D., 372
Rogers, E., 14
Roman in Lume, 584
Romero, S. R., 326
Ronai, C. R., 223
Rønning, H., 495
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 92, 282, 284, 287, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 300n
Roosevelt, Theodore, 369
Rosaldo, R., 371
Rosas, A., 586
Rose, J., 392
Rose, N., 52
Rosenberry, J., 492
Rosenzweig, R., 367
Roskos, K., 525
Ross, J., 440n
Ross, M., 278
Ross, S. D., 325
Rotten Tomatoes (film discussion board), 121
Roussou, M., 520
Roy, S., 325
Rubin, R. B., 101
Ruge, M. H., 343
Ruiseco, G., 326
rule-based governance, 81
Ruskin College
History Workshop, 158
Russell, Rosalind, 404
Rwandan genocide, 279
Sable, M. R., 449
saccades, fixations, micro-movements, 423–6
what saccades and fixations tell us, 427–30
saccadic blindness, 425
Sage Journals, 220
Sahlins, M., 373
oSalazar, P.-J., 328
SAM, see “Something About Myself”
sample, survey
equivalence, 93
frame, 96
response rate, 96
size: determining factors, 99
amount of error tolerated, 99
previous research on topic area, 99
project type, purpose and complexity, 99
time and financial constraints, 99
sampling, 30
cluster, 97
error, 97
interval, 97
and material collection, 305–6
methods, 51
simple random, 97
stratified random, 97
systematic, 97
in textual analysis, 344
Samson, L., 237, 238, 239, 243
Sanchez, M., 196n
Sanders, T., 510
Sands, C., 449
Sandvig, C., 6
Sandvoss, C., 447
Santella, A., 439
satellite technology, 20
Sauntson, H., 326
Sassen, S., 571
satisficing, 247
saturation, 331
Sawyer, A. G., 269
scan paths, 434
analysis of shock-averse recipient, 438
scene viewing, 428
Schaeffer, P., 550
Schafer, R. M., 550
Schäffle, A., 44
Schatzman, L., 140
Schiller, H., 49
Schlecker, M., 505
Schmidt, E., 79
Schneider, W. X., 426
school(s), 30, 75–6, 90, 93, 103, 142, 144, 248, 259–61, 287, 344, 364, 504, 521, 528, 540–1, 564, 585
Schrag, Z. M., 161
Schrier, A. M., 256
Schrøder, K. C., 117, 118, 119, 128, 129, 130, 131, 341
Schudson, M., 396n
Schumann, K., 278
Schwartz, J. K. L., 259
Schwartz, L. R., 449
Schwartz, N., 251
science(s), 41, 135, 152, 220, 327, 342–3, 503, 507, 542n
behavioral, 202
cognitive, 519
communication and media, 420, 425, 430, 435–6, 447
health, 114
medical, 69
political, 3, 47, 50, 54, 91, 114
social, 39–41, 43–5, 48, 51–2, 54, 57, 59, 69–71, 74, 91, 136, 141–2, 202, 261, 263, 316, 339, 341, 359, 361, 436, 499–500, 505, 511, 522
science fiction fans, 125
scientific community, 42
scientific demonstration of impact, 12
scientific objectivity, 41
“scientific polls,” 53
Scott, N., 422
Scott-Hoy, K., 223
Scott's pi, 309
screen capture, 450–4, 455, 456, 456, 458, 458–61, 462, 463–5, 470–2, 512, 524, 524–5, 525, 528, 530
screen media texts, 120
Scripps Newspapers Go to War (Zacher), 384
scripts, see film(s): scripts
searching, computer-assisted, 30
Second Life, 503
secondary task reaction time (STRT), 247
“secondhand” data, 58
self-defense, 280
self-discrepancy, 262
self-generated data, 23
self-reflexivity, 201, 204–6, 226, 232
self-report, 157
self-representation, discourses on, 583–5
Selling Sounds (Suisman), 375
semantic differential scale, 102
semantic units, 285
semiotic analysis, 327, 505, 548
semiotics, 33, 48, 327, 339, 360, 549–50
semi-structured interviews, 139–41, 510, 573, 584–5
Sen, N., 317
Senda-Cook, S., 328
sender, 46
sender–receiver model, 212
senses, books, and culture industries, 374–7
September 11, 2001 (9/11), 160, 325
Serbians, 325
Serna, L. I., 190
Sesame Street (children's TV program), 554
Seun, H. K., 308
Sewell, W. H., Jr., 361, 363, 372
sex, 47, 94, 102, 182, 393–4, 435, 450
sexism, 6
sexting, 76
sexual inclusivity, 4
sexual violence, 100
sexuality, 3–4, 6, 10, 363, 368, 394, 450
SF (Structural Features) projects, 305
SF-Clutter, 305
SF-Presence, 305
SF-State, 305
Shade, L., 522
Shadow of a Doubt (Hitchcock), 400–5
Shanks, T., 449
Shapiro, M., 250
Shar, M., 449
Share, J., 522
shared identity, 127
shared maps of meaning, 340
Sharma, D., 449
Sharpless, R., 161
Shaver, P. R., 101
Shaw, G. B., 103
Shields, R., 501
Shimshock, K., 449
shock-inducing ads, case study on, 430–7
Shome, R., 207
Shopes, L., 172
Shrek (movie), 446
Shukla, M., 422
Sieber, J. E., 108
significance level, 257
signifiers, 340
Silberstein-Loeb, J., 383
silence in interviews, allowing, 146
Silver, D., 499
Silverstone, R., 505
Simone, M. A., 325
Simons, H. W., 323
simple random sampling, 97
Simpson, J., 220
Singhal, A., 449
single message design, 244
situated knowledge, 144–5, 221, 223–4
Six Feet Under (TV drama series), 450
size, sample, 96
selecting, 99
Sjøvaag, H., 32
Skype, 123, 147, 165, 509, 511
slander, 171
Sloop, J. M., 323
Slovenia, 27
Slovis, Michael, 446
slow pacing, 251
Sluneko, T., 326
Slykhuis, D., 439
Smith, L., 449
Smith, N., 279
Smith, P., 586
Smith, R. A., 243
Smith, T. W., 93
Smith, W. R., 247
SMS, 509
snowball sampling, 98–9, 144, 164, 344
SNS, see social network sites
Snyder-Duch, J., 313, 314, 317
social benefit of research, 83–4
social change, 66, 83, 200, 202, 205, 449, 522
social class, 3, 6, 11, 26, 29, 33–4, 49–50, 118, 130–1, 159, 182, 202, 214, 221, 231, 342–3, 353, 364, 366–8, 372, 587
dynamics, 29
middle-class, 3, 118, 144, 185, 188, 190, 370–1, 392, 577–8
upper-class, 191
working class, 150, 185, 189, 191, 360, 363, 366–8, 392, 396
social construction of meaning, 48
social constructionism, 48
social desirability, 247
social encounter, interview as, 137
social ethics of resistance, 69
social facts, 44
social history, 158, 361–2, 368, 372, 383–4
social inequality, 364, 366, 374
and media power, 127
social interaction, 24, 44, 187, 196, 504, 506–8
cinema-going and family, 193–4
social location, 49, 67, 121, 125, 127, 130, 333
social media, 13, 20, 34n, 46, 58–61, 79, 498, 500, 507, 509, 512–13
social movement criticism, 323
social network sites (SNS), 58, 500
social networks, 58, 81, 164, 377, 500, 504, 510–12, 586
social organization, 25, 361, 365
social psychology, 47, 68, 75, 256
social responsibility, 104, 213
social sciences, 39–41, 43–5, 48, 51–2, 54, 57, 59, 69–71, 74, 91, 136, 141–2, 202, 261, 263, 316, 339, 341, 359, 361, 436, 499–500, 505, 511, 522
social scientific paradigm, 12
social semiotics, 327
social vs. surface realism, 251–2
society
vs. community, 44
structure, and practice, 371–4
Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing, 382
sociocultural implications of discourse, 326
sociodemographic attribute, 119
socioeconomic status, 188, 543n
sociology, 3, 8, 31, 41, 44–5, 47, 50, 55, 71, 101, 136–7, 157, 359, 364, 372–3, 381–2, 392, 501, 509, 548–9, 572
Socrates, 280
software networks, 9
Solomon four-group design, 241
“Something About Myself” (SAM), 534, 538
Sopranos, The (TV drama series), 446
SortidazZ, 509
sound environments of children's TV programs, 33
soundbite, 73
soundtracks, 33, 439, 547–50, 554–6, 561–7
evaluation of film soundtrack, 564
methodology for analyzing, 549
South Africa, 27, 29, 104, 199–200, 383, 385
ethnography of local radio station in, 204–14
Southern Appalachian Mountains, 158
Soviet Union, 300n
Soyini Madison, D., 83
Soyinka, B., 506
Spain, 13, 14, 27, 555, 557, 565, 567, 571–83, 585–90
journalists' discourses on “problem” of Latin American immigration in, 581–3
representations of otherness in news media discourse: Latin Americans in, 573–4
Sparks, G. G., 250
special effects, 7, 124, 307, 450
special interest groups, 67, 121
speeches, 30, 282–4, 286, 293–4, 299, 300n, 320, 322, 325
Spina-Caza, L., 25, 26, 32–3, 528, 531
Spitulnik, D., 203
Splichal, S., 21, 23, 25, 28, 61n
spontaneous memories, 183
Spokeo, 79
sports, 46, 186, 263, 323, 326, 394, 439, 478, 484, 486, 491–2, 526, 561, 588
Spradley, J., 210
SPSS, 312
Stainton Rogers, W., 113, 114, 116, 117, 129, 131
Stambaugh, S., 554
standardized open-ended interview, 183
Standlee, I., 508
Standley, T., 308
Stanford University, 304
Star, Raleigh, 91
Star Wars (movie series), 7, 446
state dinners, presidential remarks during, 283
State of the Medium, The (Lombard et al.), 313
statements and declarations, 284
static-group comparison, 240
station director model, 212
station management, 212
statistical analysis, 51, 91, 258, 412–14, 485
statistical data, 40, 413–14, 578
statistical inference, 257
“Statistical and Methodological Issues in Communication Research,” 314
statistical power, 257
statistical validity, 125
statistics, film analysis, and objectivity, 409–14
Statistics Finland, 229
Stavelin, E., 32
Steenkamp, J. E. M., 106
Steiner, N., 278
Steiner, P., 501
Stenfors, I., 422
Stenner, P., 113, 114, 116, 117
Stephens, R. J., 278
Stephenson, W., 113, 115, 118, 128
Stern, J. A., 421
Stewart, F., 506
Stewart, J., 323
Stewart, Jon, 13
Stimson, M. J., 422
stimulus-driven perception, 426
Stoker, Bram, 451
Stout, R. G., 93
Strasbourg, France, 284
strategic control, 427
stratified random sampling, 97
Strauss, A., 140, 143, 148, 150, 151, 152n, 174
STRT, see secondary task reaction time
structural components of human eye movements, 423–6
Structural Features (SF) projects, 305
structured interviews, 136, 139–41
Stubbings, S., 191
study design, 142–3, 255–7, 264, 266
subject anonymity in surveys, 75
subjective orientations, 123
subjectivity, 9, 11, 25, 40, 42, 49, 113, 123, 127–8, 174, 224, 324, 369–70, 412–13, 416, 423, 499
subjugation, 206
subpoenas, 108
Subramaniam, B., 424
Suci, G. J., 102
Suisman, D., 375
Sullivan, B. T., 422
Summit for Peace and Prosperity, Uganda, 1998, 284
Sun Microsystems, 79
Sundar, S. S., 246
Sunkel, G., 586
Super Voice Girl (TV show), 7
surplus value, 8
Surrey History Centre (UK), 390
technology, 34
survey(s), 20
advantages and disadvantages of different modes of administering, 95
assessing mode of delivering questionnaire, 94–5
Internet, 94
mail, 94
managing response rate, 106
methodology, 29
history and uses, in media studies, 90–2
mixed-mode surveys, 105
procedure for conducting, 93
questions, 90
research, 14
conducting ethically sound, 107–9
subject anonymity, 75
types of questions, 101
Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, 92
Survival International, 121
survivors of abuse, 77
suspension of disbelief, 124
Sveningsson Elm, M., 70, 78, 80, 81
Sweden, 27
Sweeney, D. L., 267
symbolic anthropology and folklore studies, 360–3
symbols, 48, 103, 320, 325, 341, 361–2, 455
Sypher, H. E., 101
syphilis study in Tuskegee, Georgia, 107
systematic sampling, 97
taking corrective action, 280
Taliban, 289
Tannenbaum, P. H., 102
tape recording, 159–60, 207, 209, 539
Tarkovsky, Andrei, 410
Tasker, Y., 6
Tassajara Bread Book, 377
Taylor, B. C., 136, 138, 140, 141, 144, 164, 182, 183, 321, 323, 331, 344
Taylor, H., 180
Taylor, T., 502
technological convergence, 40
technological development, 123, 132
convergence, globalization, and interdisciplinarity, 19–34
Technology & Culture, 382
technology and science, 486, 491–2
Tedlock, B., 204
teens, see adolescents
Tehran, Iran, 283
Telecinco, 588
telecommunications industry, deregulation of, 74
Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy (McChesney), 384
Telefónica Argentina, 577
telegraph, 44
telephone, 8, 44, 106, 108, 162–3, 165–6, 251, 588
directory, 96
interviews, 75
Telephone Preference Service (UK), 105
television, 6, 24, 30–1, 33, 46, 50–1, 77, 89, 92, 98, 118–19, 125, 156–7, 160, 162–3, 166–70, 172, 175, 180, 192, 202, 242, 261, 263–5, 270, 320, 338, 341–2, 351, 359, 382, 387–8, 439, 445–8, 450–3, 460, 469–71, 483, 487, 490, 502, 523, 547–8, 550, 553–5, 579
channels, 10, 222, 304, 306, 476, 485, 588
content analysis of form, 303–17
digitalization of, in Finland, 217–32
exploring effects of TV and movie music on childhood, 547–67
programs, 61n, 101–3, 115, 263, 267, 306, 311, 387, 391, 448, 450, 470–1, 479, 553, 555, 565
Television News Archive, Vanderbilt University, 387
television news history project, 164
Television: What's On, Who's Watching, and What It Means (Scharrer and Comstock), 12
Ten Commandments, The (movie), 370
Teo, P., 326
Teresa, 192
territorial immigrants, 571
“terrorism” discourse, 325
testament, 157
text-based approaches, 20
historical methods, 31
to qualitative research, 31, 319–33
ethnographic approaches, 327–30
textile production in Ghana, 9
TextQuest, 285
textual analysis, 24, 26, 31, 40, 92, 321–2, 32–9, 344, 346, 348, 355, 381, 399, 407, 448
see also analyzing text: cultural discourse in ethnic food reviews
textual polysemy, 119
thalidomide use study, 107
thematic questionnaire, 183
theory, 21, 33–4, 40, 42, 47, 51, 55, 57–60, 121, 150, 219, 237–8, 249, 321–2, 324, 328, 331, 372, 382, 554
therapeutic care of self, 10
thick description in qualitative research, 143, 200, 203, 226, 361–3, 377
thinking aloud, 247
Thomas, D. B., 115, 116, 118, 131
Thomas, J., 67, 68, 69, 77, 80
Thompson, E. P., 364, 366, 367
Thompson, J. K., 262
Thompson, K. J., 267
Thompson, W., 43
Thorne, B., 540
Thorson, E., 236, 244, 245, 251
thought listing, 247
Thussu, D. K., 13
Tilly, C., 372
Time magazine, 77
time–space compression, 22
Tin Pan Alley, 375
Tintin (movie), 344
TNS-Gallup, 476
Tobii Studio, 438
Tobii T120, 431
Today Show, 162
Tolkien, J. R. R., 11
Tomlinson, J., 23
Tosh, J., 384
Towards a Sociology of Mass Communications (McQuail), 8
Towheed, S., 388
toys, 74, 325, 526, 529, 531, 540, 556
Trades Union Congress, 395
traditional audiences, 2
traditional governance models, 81
traditional media, 13, 114, 483, 521, 587
Trammell, D. D., 492
transcription, 138, 148, 156, 172, 185, 331
transcultural dynamics, 27
transgender, 329
translating questions, 104
transnational alliances and networks, 2, 23
transnational communities, 72
transnational marketplace, 13
transnational organizations, 72
transnational perspectives, 3
interstices of thinking “glocally,” 571–3
transnationalism and communication, interdisciplinary approaches to understanding, 570–90
transparent mode, in Q methodology composite model, 120
Trapp, R., 322
Treasures of Tutankhamun (exhibition), 370
Treasury (UK), 395
treatment variance, creating, 243–5
Trejo, R., 586
triangulation of qualitative and quantitative measures, 32
Tri-Council Policy Statement (Canada), 71
Triesch, J., 422
Trinh, T., 210
Trinidad Island, 503
Trobriand Islanders, 502
Trondman, M., 200
True Blood (TV drama series), 445, 450–67, 454–9, 462–3
seeing as character, 458
true experimental designs, 241
post-test-only control group design, 241
pretest–post-test control group design, 241
Solomon four-group design, 241
Truman, Harry S., 284, 290, 293, 294, 295, 297, 300n
Tudors, The, 446
Tufte, T., 203
Tumblr, 2
Turner, V., 362
Turnock, J., 7
Tusan, M., 383
Tuskegee syphilis study, 70, 107
TVE, 555
analysis of TVE programs for children, 555–61
what is listened to? musical categories, 556–7
what is the music like?, 557–8
Twilight (book/movie series), 343, 452, 463
“Tyra Banks is Fat!” (Joseph), 6
Ubisoft, 529
Uganda, 284
UKPressOnline, 387
UNESCO, see United Nations (UN): Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(un)friending (on social network sites), 58
Ungs, T. D., 129
United Kingdom (UK), 23, 27, 71, 94, 103–5, 136, 158, 180, 191, 195, 283, 383, 386, 388–9, 392–5
United Nations (UN), 279, 284, 297
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 72
Security Council, 284
United States (USA), 1, 7, 11–15, 23, 27, 43, 45, 50, 54–5, 66, 69–72, 74, 76–9, 90–2, 96–7, 100, 103–8, 119, 136, 142, 158, 161, 171–2, 180, 190–1, 193, 202, 207, 247, 278, 281–2, 284–5, 287–8, 290, 292–3, 296–7, 305, 323, 329, 333, 341–3, 345, 350–3, 359–60, 364, 367, 369–71, 375–6, 383, 387, 393, 413, 446, 542n, 555, 575, 587, 590
university institutional review boards, 135
University of Aberystwyth, 382
University of Bergen, 494n
University of California, Santa Barbara, 300n
University of Chicago, 92
University of Hohenheim, 431
University of Illinois, 4
University of Illinois Press, 382
University of Kent at Canterbury, 387
University of Michigan, 92, 94, 314
University of New Mexico, 14
University of Pennsylvania, 309
University of Sheffield, 381
University of Sussex, 388
University of Texas at Austin, 106
University of Warwick, 388
(un)liking (on social network sites), 58
unmarried pregnancy, 11
Uotinen, J., 26, 30, 218, 226, 230, 231
urbanization, 90
Uruguay, 586
US Census, 106
US Department of Health & Human Services, 107, 108
Valdivia, A. N., 1, 4, 6, 22, 554
validity, 41, 51–5, 75, 100–1, 118, 125, 131, 138, 173–4, 226, 236–8, 240–1, 243, 247–8, 257, 267–8, 316, 410–11, 482, 487–9
of cross-cultural research measurement, 100
issues of empirical reliability and, 53
of oral history interviews, 160
Vampire Diaries, The (TV drama series), 451–2, 455, 460
Van Der Valk, I., 326
van Dijk, T. A., 149, 326, 572–3
Van Leeuwen, T., 325, 326, 327
Van Raaij, W. F., 104
VanVoorhis, C. R. W., 249
van Vuuren, K., 212
Vande Berg, L. R., 346
Vanderbilt University, 387
VCR, see videocassette recorder
Venezuela, 586
verbal rating scales, 102, 106
verbal violence, 100
Verdens Gang (VG), 476
verifiability and reliability of polling, 53
Verstehen (undertstanding), 48
VHS videotape format, 306
victims of abuse, 77
Victorian England, 385
Vidal, R., 185
Video Active, 388
video
games, 74, 519–20, 522–3, 529, 531, 540, 542
violence in, 100
recording, 115, 168–9, 306, 504, 512, 585
video conferencing tools, 123
videocassette recorder (VCR), 217–18, 222, 224, 306
videotaping, 75, 115, 157, 166, 306–7, 310, 312, 316, 535, 539
Vidich, A. J., 136
viewers' subjective reactions, 119
viewing behavior, 436
Villanueva, G. N. H., 196n
violence, 47, 67, 72–3, 92, 100, 195, 223, 305, 325, 523, 576
Violence Against the Press: Policing the Public Sphere in US History (Nerone), 6
virtual challenges, 32–4, 473–594
virtual interactions, complex, 32, 541–2
virtual play activity
Chaos Tower, 530
complex virtual interactions call for complex methodological approaches, 541–2
creative agency model (CAM), 533
experimenting with mixed research methods to study complex virtual interactions, 523
fifth-grade study participant writes her movie script, 537
fifth-grade study participants use Webkinz Studio to make their movies, 537
fourth-grade study participants making movies in virtual/web treatment, 535
fourth-grade study participants in physical/video treatment, 534
importance of isolating for gender, 540–1
measuring perceptual shifts in physical and virtual play, 533–40
independent variables, 538
methods and strategies for measuring effects of, 519–43
physical studio tabletop stage set, 536
review of research approaches to traditional and new media studies, 521–3
screen capture of Millsberry.com, 524
screen capture of Professor Heinz Wolff's Gravity, 530
screen capture of Webkinz.com, 525
temporal chart for 8-year-old girl at Webkinz.com, 527
temporal chart for 10-year-old girl at Webkinz.com, 527
study 1: tale of two websites, 524–9
study 2: redefining problem space, extending research focus, 529–32
study 3: conceptual framework for virtual studies, 532–3
virtual Webkinz Studio set, 536
virtual reality (VR), 542n
virtual reality environment (VRE), 542n
virtual studies, conceptual framework for, 532–3
Virtual Webkinz Studio, 535, 536–7
virtual worlds, 32, 422, 498, 500, 502–3, 507, 511, 515, 520, 526
visual anthropology, 75
visual aspects of audience membership, 445–67
visual attention, 420–3, 426–7, 429–30, 434–5, 438
visual perception, 31, 419–23, 425–8, 430, 434–9
exogenous and endogenous control of, 426–7
reception process of, 420
reconstruction and analysis of, 422
visuality, 446
visualized scan paths of subjects of Dior advertisement poster, 424
Vitu, F., 421
Vogel, C., 506
voice, variations in tone, pitch and quality (paralinguistic), 147
Volčič, Z., 325
volunteer sampling, 98
Vorstius, C., 423
VR, see virtual reality
VRE, see virtual reality environment
Vygotsky, L. S., 554
Wagman, D., 575
Waisbord, S. R., 351
Waitress (movie), 11
Wajcman, J., 221
Waldahl, R., 485
Walford, G., 223
Wallerstein, I., 59
Wallerstein, N., 449
Walrath, L. C., 421
Walter, J., 31
Walter, V., 422
Walters, R. G., 361
Walther, J., 502
war, 2, 54, 72, 160, 279, 300n, 323
War Communications Research Project, 54
Warner Bros, 561
Wartenberg, C., 422
Washington, DC, 314
Washington, Isaiah, 10
Waskul, D., 78
Watching “Dallas,” (Ang), 448
Watergate, 160
Wayback Machine, 481
Weaver-Hightower, M. B., 223
Weaving, Hugo, 561
web pages, 77, 422, 482–3, 503, 509, 511–12, 588
web technologies, 91, 94–5, 483
Webkinz.com, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 534–5
websites, 10, 61n, 73, 94, 98, 120, 142, 422, 480–4, 491–2, 513, 521, 524–8, 541
Weidman, L., 12
weight-loss treatment programs, 259
weight stigmatization, 262
Weijers, A., 454
Weiner, B. A., 278
WELL, The, 501
Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, 1824–1900, 387
Wells, I. B., 369
Welsh, K., 58
Wen, J., 422
Wenner, L. A., 346
Werbin, K. C., 79
Wester, F., 454
Western imperialism, 124
Wharton, S., 326
“What Kind of Person Are You?”, see WK inventory
What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy (Gee), 522
WhatsApp, 509
White, K., 422
White Americans, 98
White middle-class males, 3
Whittlesea, B. W. A., 159
Whole Earth Catalog, 377
Wichansky, A. M., 422
Wichita, Kansas, 167
Wicks, R., 236
Wiebe, E., 439
Wiener, J. H., 383
Wigginton, Eliot, 158
Wildemuth, B., 422
Wilkens, T., 422
Willett, R., 522
Williams, A. P., 492
Williams, B. R., 166
Williams, Robin, 561
Willis, P., 200
Wilson, G., 308
Wilson, N., 449
Wimmer, R. D., 66, 68, 70, 73, 74, 75, 78, 99, 256, 268, 522
Windsor Castle, England, 283
Winfrey, Oprah, 323
Wingfield, N., 446
Winn, B., 541
Winseck, D. R., 383
wireless networks, 504
wireless technologies, 2
Wise, K., 246
within-subjects designs, 247–9, 256–7, 271–2
WK (“What Kind of Person Are You?”) inventory, 534, 538
Wodak, R., 326
Wolcott, H. E., 151
Wolak, J., 76
women, 4, 11, 98, 107, 140, 144, 147, 159, 186, 192, 194, 202, 209, 214, 256, 267, 272, 323, 333, 342–3, 347, 359, 371, 383, 511, 578
Women Making News (Tusan), 383
Women's Library (London Metropolitan University), 390
Wood, Elijah, 561
Wood, L. A., 326
Wood, R., 414
Wooding, D. S., 439
workers, 72, 103, 174, 188, 199, 346, 575, 577
working
World Association of International Radio Broadcasters (AMARC), 83
World of Warcraft, 503
World War I, 54, 72, 375, 384, 391
World War II, 54, 70, 72, 137, 185, 190, 279, 283–4, 300n, 384, 391, 395
Worrell, M., 113
Wortman, A., 586
Wright, R. D., 426
Wright Mills, C., 359
Wrightsman, L. S., 101
authorship, and presentation, 313
autoethnographical, 217, 220–3
research results, 149–51, 164, 331–2
Yahoo, 79
Yale University, 72
Program of Research on Communication and Attitude Change, 72
Yalta press conference, 1945, 284
Yantis, S., 426
Year That Defined Journalism, The (Campbell), 384
Your Britain (Beers), 393, 395
youth, 9, 138, 194, 504, 520, 522, 532, 542n, 572, 589
memories of, 183, 187, 189–90, 194–5
Yúdice, G., 585
Yule, P., 506
Zaeske, S., 324
Zapatero, J. L., 14
Zellhofer, N., 422
Zero Dark Thirty (movie), 343
Zetter, K., 76
Zettl, H., 306
Zillman, D., 76
Zinkia Entertainment Production S.L., 561
Zucker, S., 502
Zuckerberg, M., 79
Zuluaga, Z., 586
Zunzunegui, S., 550