Index
Page references to figures or tables are in italics; references to notes have the letter “n” following the page number.
above-the-line creative executives, 396, 397, 479
Abrams, B. L., 459
academic writing on YouTube, 421–424, 426–427
Acosta-Alzuru, Carolina, 26–27, 372–395
acquisitions and mergers, 194, 221
ACTA see Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
active audience view, 218, 245
activism
children's television, 546
community media production, 584, 593
environmental factors and labor markets, 608, 611–614
ad libbing, 456
Advanced Television System Committee (ATSC), 108–109
advances (payment), 403
advertising
audience power, 215–216, 221–233
book publishing, 181
community media production, 595
distributed creation, 400
information flows and inferences, 226–229
media-buying sector, 216, 221–233
media ownership, 129
see also product placement
AEA see American Electronics Associations aesthetics
children's television, 537
community media production, 592–593
documentary television, 563, 564
mediated performance, 347
AFL-CIO see American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
agency-holding companies, 222
agency in research, 14–17 see also autonomy
agents
AIDS TV: Identity, Community and Alternative Video (Juhasz), 424
Alienation and Freedom (Blauner), 566–569
Alta Vista Films, 260
alternative media, 584, 587, 593–594
Altman, Robert, 476
Alvarado, Manuel, 603
amateurization, 326
governance, 55
visibility of media production, 16–17
American Electronics Associations (AEA), 113–114
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 112–113
American Idol, 202
America's Army, 100n
anchorpersons, 349
animating utterances, 350
anthropology
culture, 53
Hong Kong film industry, 488–490
postcolonial DRC, 299–309, 314–316
runaway productions, 469
visibility of media production, 24, 28
anti-corporate populism, 126, 127, 128–133, 139–140, 142–143
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), 66–67, 69, 72–73, 79n
Appadurai, Arjun
children's television, 547–548
Hong Kong film industry, 504
runaway productions, 469
Apple, 611
cinema from late 1990s to present, 266–269
number of films released (1997–2009), 267
aristocracy of talent, 601, 604–605, 615
Art Worlds (Becker), 404
artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), 610
ATSC see Advanced Television System Committee
attraction, 93
audiences
book publishing, 176, 178, 186–187
box-office and tracking data, 410–416
children's television, 551
community media production, 589–590, 595–596
cultural imperialism, 245
demographic data, 224–226, 230–231
documentary television, 558
governance, 46
Hong Kong film industry, decline in, 491
information flows and inferences, 226–229
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 2–3, 8
long click and reputation, 224, 233–236
media-buying sector, 216, 221–233
mediated performance, 351
power in the digital age, 215–238
production studies, 603
runaway productions, 482
targeted personalization, 227, 232–233
television, 192–193, 197–198, 206–207, 210–211
visibility of media production, 31
young people, 31
augmentation of individuality, 366–368
Austin, J. L., 368n
authenticity
documentary television, 561–562
author–editor relationship, 174, 186
authoring utterances, 350
authority
community media production, 592–593
authorship
distributed creation, 407
documentary television, 562
information policy, 74
mediated performance, 349
queer theory, 456
visibility of media production, 13, 16
autobiography, 16
autonomy
documentary television, 560–562, 565, 566–567, 569–576
Acxiom, 230
Backer, Bill, 155
backstage television, 445–454, 462–464
Baker, Sarah, 99, 565, 567, 570, 572
Banks, Mark, 479, 483, 562–565
banner advertising, 222–223, 236n
Barber, Karin, 316
Barnes & Noble, 183
Bateson, Gregory, 301
Batman, 453
Baudrillard, Jean, 161
Beach, The, 607
Beaty, Bart, 603
Beck, Ulrich, 562
Beck-Gernsheim, Elizabeth, 562
Becker, Howard, 404
Being Digital (Negroponte), 216
Bell, Alan, 350
Bell, Daniel, 604
below-the-line craft workers, 397, 479
Benedict, Ruth, 300
Benjamin, Walter, 586
Benkler, Yochai, 76, 136, 217, 219–220
Beverly Hills Chihuahua (film), 263
mediated performance, 357–359, 358
national adaptations, 280, 283
Big Chill, The (film), 157
Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), 270
Bitter Love (Dun), 165
Blessed by Fire (film), 266
Blockbuster Complex, The (Whiteside), 176, 187–188n
blockbusters
distributed creation, 400
Hong Kong film industry, 495–496
Latin American film industry, 263–264, 267, 269
blogosphere
audience power, 235
children's television, 546
news production, 330, 334–338, 340
television, 196
Blunt, Roy, 114
Bolivar, César, 379
distribution on demand, 171–172, 182–183
e-books and e-readers, 172–173, 181–182
editorial roles, 174–176, 186–187
environmental factors and labor markets, 604
organizations and responsibilities, 173–177
ownership of selected companies, 175
persistence of professional publishers, 185–187
professional facilitators of amateur publishers, 182–185
self-publishing, 171–173, 177–185, 187
born-again Christianity, 299, 304–305, 307–309
born digital generation, 77
Bourdieu, Pierre
citizenship and media ownership, 136–137
new capitalism, 154, 158, 166–167
news production, 333
Boyd, Alan, 204
Braman, Sandra, 19, 61, 64, 68, 76
Brand, Graham, 363
Brand, Stuart, 134
Branston, Gill, 424
Brazil
cultural imperialism, 244
film industry, 255
transcultural political economy, 120
Breed, Warren, 329
Bridge Studios, The, 477
Britain's Got Talent, 198
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 53–54
British Cinematograph Films Act, 51
British Columbia Shooting Gallery, The, 475, 484
Broadcasting Act of Canada, 589
Broadcasting and Cable, 401
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 604
BSA see Business Software Alliance
Buchanan, Scott, 423
Buckingham, D., 536
Burkart, Patrick, 19–20, 61–82
Burke, Kenneth, 368n
Burns, Michael, 414
Bush, George W., 56
Business Software Alliance (BSA), 64
Butler, Judith, 408
Butterworth, Michael, 90
Buttry, Steve, 337
cable television
programming practices, 194–196
Cadreon, 233
CAFOD see Catholic Agency for Overseas Development
Caldwell, John T., 26
distributed creation, 397–399, 405–406, 415
Hong Kong film industry, 489, 490
runaway productions, 480
Cama Adentro (film), 272
Cameron, Deborah, 365
camp as comic mode, 445–446, 452–457, 460–464
Canada
community media production, 589
Latin American film industry subsidies, 259, 264–265
visibility of media production, 29
Cannell, Stephen J., 477
Canto, Victor, 112
capitalism
children's television, 547
community media production, 586–587, 593–594, 596–597
documentary television, 561–562, 563–564
governance, 48
historical, economic, and political factors, 152–154
Hong Kong film industry, 498–499
media ownership, 139
military industrial media complex, 84, 85–88, 90–91
runaway productions, 470
technological sublime, 604
transcultural political economy, 107, 110–111, 120
visibility of media production, 15–21, 31, 33
see also neoliberalism; new capitalism
career-building, 576
Castañeda, Mari, 19–20, 105–125
Castillo, Marlene, 385
casualization, 492
Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (CAFOD), 614, 616
CCTV see China Central Television
CD see compact discs
CEA see Consumer Electronics Association
cease and desist orders, 56–57, 65
Celestial Jukebox, 61, 63–64, 67–69, 78n
cell phones
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 2
young people, 525
see also consumer electronics
censorship
governance, 57
Hong Kong film industry, 503–504
queer theory, 448, 450, 455, 458
visibility of media production, 16
young people, 523
Center for Media Justice, 141
Centro de Reflexión y Acción Laboral (CEREAL), 601–602, 606, 612, 614, 616
CEPA see Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
CEPAL see Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe
CEREAL see Centro de Reflexión y Acción Laboral
Chan, J., 617
Chan, Peter, 501
chaotic writing, 437
charities, 584
chat-rooms, 135
Chávez, Hugo, 372–373, 376–377, 381, 383–384, 388–389, 391
children's television
feminization of media professions, 539–541
gender representations, 535–536, 538, 543, 547, 550, 553
globalization and localization, 535, 547–552
research study methods, 537–539
as a safe and relevant space, 541–552
strong, complex, and diverse characters, 542–547
China
cultural imperialism, 241, 244–245, 247–248
imports and exports of cultural products, 247
US film and TV exports, 247
transcultural political economy, 120–121
see also Hong Kong film industry
China Central Television (CCTV), 249
Chow, R., 491
Christianity
Hong Kong film industry, 502–503
postcolonial DRC, 299, 304–305, 307–309, 314–315
Christopher, Warren, 112
Chrysanthemum and the Sword, The (Benedict), 300
Chuck, 205
CIE see Interamerican Entertainment Corporation
cinema see film
circuit of culture model, 374
citizen journalism
news production, 326, 331, 336, 338, 340
visibility of media production, 24–26
citizens' media, 588
citizenship
anti-corporate populism, 126, 127, 128–133, 139–140, 142–143
democratic deliberation, 126–127
Hong Kong film industry, 494
interactivity and the Internet, 127, 133–137
minority ownership of media, 127, 137–144
network neutrality, 128, 135, 140–144
visibility of media production, 18
young people, 513
Classical Hollywood Cinema, The (Bordwell), 406–407
Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA), 495–496, 505n
club affiliations, 584
coaching, 355
Coalition for Justice in the Maquiladoras, 119–120
coercion, 93
cognitariat, 605
Cohan, Steven, 454
Cohen vs. Rosi, 267
Cold War, media ownership, 133–134
Colectivo Chilpancingo Pro Justicia Ambiental, 613
Collier, Stephen J., 18
Colmenares, Fabiola, 384–385, 390
Colombia, 278–279, 287, 289–292
colonialism
Hong Kong film industry, 488, 492–493, 499–500
runaway productions, 470
visibility of media production, 15
comedy
queer theory, 445–449, 451–457, 459–464
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), 118
commercialization
children's television, 536
distributed creation, 401
of everything, 17
visibility of media production, 15, 17
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 6
visibility of media production, 31–32, 33
young people, 526
commoditization, 19
commons approaches
information policy, 69
media ownership, 128, 133, 135–137
visibility of media production, 20
see also Creative Commons
communication
community media production, 586–590, 595–597
mediated performance, 345–346, 347–348, 350–352, 354
runaway productions, 473
transcultural political economy, 107, 109, 114
Communication Rights in the Information Society (CRIS) Campaign, 23, 587, 594
Communications Act (1996), 155
community
documentary television, 567
community media production, 582–600
access and participation, 590–591
amateur authority and aesthetics, 592–593
definitions and characteristics, 584–586
formats and participants, 582–584
nonprofit regulations, 585–586, 595
participants' motivations, 590–593
participatory production, 588–590, 593–594, 596–597
producer-centric models, 582
social change and development, 591–592
theoretical limits and beyond, 593–596
theorizing production and communication, 586–590
Community Reinvestment Act, 141
Comodines (film), 267
Companion to Media Studies, A (Valdivia), 3, 5
competition
media ownership, 126
transcultural political economy, 108, 111, 115
competitive capitalism, 153
Consumer Electronics Association (CEA), 114
consumer electronics (CE), 603, 606–617
consumerism
children's television, 550
digital television, 110–111, 120–121
visibility of media production, 14, 18–19
young people, 513
contact suppression, 230
content analysis, 7
content development outsourcing, 396, 398, 399–404
continuity average, 269
convergence
information policy, 68
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 3
media ownership, 134
convergence culture, 17, 185, 217
Convergence Culture (Jenkins), 217
Conway, Tim, 459
cookies
audience power, 222–224, 227, 229, 232
EU regulations, 78n
media ownership, 135
co-production funding, 257–258, 271–272
copyright
information policy, 62–67, 69–76
Copyright Term Extension Act (1998), 67, 79n
core–periphery model
corporate media architectures, 426–427, 436, 438–439
corporate power, 215
corporate social responsibility (CSR)
environmental factors and labor markets, 608–611, 616
governance, 53
corporate tie-ins, 207
Chávez and the media, 377, 383–384, 388–389, 391
journey/flight metaphor, 380–389
production regime, 379
protagonists and secondary characters, 384–385
reality, crisis, and television, 375–378
reality and fiction, 381–382, 387–389
rosa and de ruptura formats, 377–378
theoretical framework and methods, 373–375
Venezuela's political crisis, 375–377
Cottle, Simon, 331
Couldry, Nick
soft power, 97
visibility of media production, 32
young people, 509–511, 516, 521
Council of Europe's Declaration on Community Media, 589
counter-rationality voice, 511
counterculture, 134
counterfeiting, 66–67, 69, 72–73
Coupland, Douglas, 156
Cowie, Jefferson, 606
Craig, R. T., 1
creative executives, 396, 397, 479
creative labor
desirability of, 561
documentary television, 557–581
model of good and bad work, 565–570
Crime of Father Amaro, The (film), 262
El crimen del Padre Amaro (film), 262
Criminal (film), 268
criminalization, 65, 70–71, 76
CRIS see Communication Rights in the Information Society
cross-advertiser reach, 229–231
cross-investment, 85
cross-media analysis, 490
cross-media expansion, 197, 203, 206
Croteau, David, 235
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (film), 244
crowd-sourcing, 398–399, 410–416
CSR see corporate social responsibility
Cuba, 279
cultural capital
cultural imperialism, 251
television, 206
cultural citizens, 25
active audiences, 245
anthropology and ethnography, 300, 313–314
challenges to early theses, 243–245
children's television, 550
development of local cultural industries, 243–244, 249
globalization, 243, 245–247, 249, 251–252
import and export trends, 247–248
cultural networks, 18
cultural proximity, 284–286, 294–295
cultural racism, 162
cultural studies
documentary television, 557–559
Cultural Studies (Grossberg), 374
cultural value, 573
culture
anthropology and ethnography, 299, 302–303, 315–316
audience power, 219
children's television, 535, 537, 544, 548–552
citizenship, 126–128, 139–140, 142–144
community media production, 585, 587
distributed creation, 401
hegemonies of cultural policy, 49–54
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 6–7
Latin American film industry, 270
media ownership, 126–128, 139–140, 142–144
mediated performance, 365
news production, 335
noncommercial, nonprofessional culture, 54–57
runaway productions, 471–473, 480, 484
soft power and the MIM-plex, 86–87, 92–95
visibility of media production, 24, 29–30
see also pop culture; production cultures
culture clashes, 330
culture industry, 563
Curtin, Michael
Hong Kong film industry, 491, 501–502
runaway productions, 468, 480–481
Cuse, Carlton, 401
customization, 217
cutting loose, 355
cyber-polarization, 217
Cyril, Malkia, 141
The Daily Me, 232
Daily Show, The, 198
Dark Water (film), 246
DCMA see Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Deathstalker (film), 265
de Boeck, Filip, 313
Debruge, Peter, 89
decolonization, 23
Defining Women (D'Acci), 373
definitions in news production, 326, 335–339
DeFleur, M. L., 1
del Rio, Dolores, 256
de ruptura telenovela format, 377–378
De Smaele, H., 53
Delgado, Consuelo, 379–380, 384
Demanding Work (Green), 566
democracy
community media production, 587, 594
documentary television, 561–562
governance, 56
Hong Kong film industry, 489–490
democratic communication, 18
democratic deliberation, 126–127
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 299–321
anthropology and ethnography, 299–309, 314–316
citizens in TV fiction and nationalism, 305–307
environmental factors and labor markets, 610
key scenarios, 299, 304–309, 316
Nigerian witchcraft films, 309, 310–315
palimpsests of culture, 315–316
Pentecostal–Charismatic Christianity, 299, 304–305, 307–309, 314–315
postcolonial television, 299–321
demographic data, 224–226, 230–231
deregulation
of governance, 49
information policy, 62
DES see Diebold Election Systems
desirability of creative labor, 561
desktop publishing, 173
Desperate Housewives, 205, 208
devaluation of governance, 48–49
development media, 587, 591–592
Devil Wears Prada, The (film), 405
Devil's Backbone, The (film), 260
DGA see Directors Guild of America
Diamond, Selma, 452
diasporic communities
community media production, 585
Hong Kong film industry, 489, 491, 494
DiCaprio, Leonardo, 607
Dicen que soy comunista (film), 256
Dick Van Dyke Show, The, 451–452
Diebold Election Systems (DES), 56
Difficulties of Finding Work, The, 307
DIG! (film), 561
digital capitalism, 17, 107, 110
Digital Capitalism: Networking the Global Market System (Schiller), 107, 110
Digital Economy Act (2010), 73, 74–75
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DCMA), 56, 62, 66–67
digital television (DTV)
free-trade policies, 107–108, 111–115
market size and value, 106–107
ramifications of high-tech manufacturing, 117–120
television–Internet convergence, 106, 108, 110, 116
television-set production, 105–125
transcultural political economy, 105–125
transition period from analog, 109–110, 120–121
Digital Underground Storytelling for Youth (DUSTY), 514–515
digital versatile discs (DVD)
national adaptations, 282
see also YouTube
digital video recorders (DVR), 196
Di Minno, Nick, 160
direct-marketing, 221, 223–224
Directive for the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Laws (IPRED), 69, 70–71, 75
Directors Guild of America (DGA), 258
directors of photography (DP), 474
Disbrow, Eirinn, 517, 519, 522, 528
discount programs, 228–229, 234
discrimination
audience power, 235
environmental factors and labor markets, 614
Latin American film industry, 269
media ownership, 126, 127–128, 139–140, 142
national adaptations, 289
queer theory, 451
discussion forums, 386–387, 596
disorganized capitalism, 470
Display LUMAscape, 225
aggregating content and disaggregating labor, 399–404
crowd-sourcing, 398–399, 410–416
dues-paying apprentices, 398, 404–410
manic disclosure/no-disclosure, 415–416
outsourcing, 396, 398, 399–404
distribution on demand, 171–172, 182–183
DJ see disc jockeys
documentary film/television, 557–581
critical analysis of creative labor, 559–562
debate about creative labor, 562–565
desirability of creative labor, 561
media ownership, 130
model of good and bad work, 565–570
documentary impulse, 512
Dora the Explorer, 545
double approval, 402
Downing, J., 597
DP see directors of photography
Drake, William J., 112
dues-paying apprentices, 398, 404–410
Dun, Tan, 165
Duncombe, Stephen, 592
Durkheim, Emile, 566
DUSTY see Digital Underground Storytelling for Youth
DVD see digital versatile disc
DVR see digital video recorders
Dyson, Anne Haas, 516
EASA see European Association of Social Anthropology
E-bay, 55
e-books and e-readers, 172–173, 181–182
eContent Program, 78
EEO see Equal Employment Opportunity
ego clips, 431
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 131–132, 156
EICC see Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition
Elberse, Anita, 413
electromagnetic fields (EMF), 607–608
electronic books, 22
Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC), 609
electronic waste (e-waste), 608, 610–611
Eliasoph, Nina, 331
Ellen, 455
Elmer, Greg, 258
Elsa and Fred (film), 266
Elster, John, 569
embedded journalists, 84
EMF see electromagnetic fields
emotional labor, 408
emotionality, 162
encoding/decoding paradigm, 313
Engström, M. E. P. Christian, 77
Entertainment Software Association (ESA), 64
Entertainment Weekly, 603
entertainment writing, 433–434
environmental factors, 601–625
creative production is theft, 614–617
global supply chains, 601–602, 606–612, 615–616
materialist analysis, 602, 606–612
production beyond consciousness, 602–606
technological sublime, 603–605, 607
transcultural political economy, 118–119, 602, 612–614
Environmental Health Coalition, 613
Epstein, Edward, 328
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO), 138
ESA see Entertainment Software Association
El espinazo del Diablo (film), 260
Estrambótica Anastasia, 382–383, 385–386
ethics
children's television, 535–556
community media production, 582–600
documentary television, 557–581
environmental factors and labor markets, 601–625
visibility of media production, 30–32
ethnic diversity see multiculturalism
ethnography
documentary television, 565, 570–575
Hong Kong film industry, 489–490
postcolonial DRC, 299–309, 314–316
soft power, 96
young people, 514
European Association of Social Anthropology (EASA), 301–302
European City of Culture, 50
Event, The, 209
e-waste see electronic waste
excellence, 563
executive producers, 571–572, 575
exploitation, 2
Exploring the Sociology of Europe (Roche), 54–55
external goods/rewards, 563–564
Extras, 447
audience power, 228
community media production, 594
Hong Kong film industry, 503
Fairchild, C., 585
Falicov, Tamara, 23–24, 255–276
fan fiction, 436
fan-produced digital media sites, 197–198
fanzines, 592
FCC see Federal Communications Commission
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
digital television, 108–110, 113–114
environmental factors and labor markets, 611
media ownership, 133, 136, 137–140, 144n
Feigenbaum, Harvey, 271
Feld, Steven, 152
feminist theory
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 4, 5–6
soft power and the MIM-plex, 94–95, 99
feminization of media professions, 539–541
Ferguson, James, 302
Fernández, Emilio, 260
fetishism, 604
FFII see Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure
file-sharing
governance, 55
information policy, 65
television, 196
visibility of media production, 18
file transfer protocols (FTP), 258
film
distributed creation, 396, 397, 404–410
environmental factors and labor markets, 606–607
Hollywood influence in Latin America, 255–276
Hong Kong film industry, 488–508
media ownership, 130
military industrial media complex, 84–85, 89–90
new capitalism, 157
runaway productions, 474, 476–477, 484
visibility of media production, 22, 23–24, 29–30
filtered content, 217
financial interest and syndication (Fin–Syn) regulations, 194, 200, 211n
FIPR see Foundation for Information Policy Research
Fisherkeller, JoEllen, 511, 517
Fishman, Mark, 328
Flash cookies, 223
flashbacks, 292
Flash Forward, 200–202, 206–209
flexibility
documentary television, 570, 575
Hong Kong film industry, 490, 492–500
visibility of media production, 29
flexible accumulation, 17, 153
flexible personalities, 17
floor plans, 356–358, 357, 358
Florida, Richard, 482
flow charts, 356
Folge, Lottelise, 353
folklore, 315
Fondo Raíces de Cine, 271
footing, 351
Fordism/post-Fordism, 17, 22, 29, 111, 153, 398, 470, 475, 479, 484n, 485n, 611
foreign-language film, 130
formats
format “bible,” 279, 281, 283, 295n, 359–361, 360
mediated performance, 347, 359–362
outline rights, 283
see also national adaptations
Foucault, Michel
visibility of media production, 26
Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII), 69–71
Foundation for Information Policy Research (FIPR), 70–71, 76
Frampton, Kenneth, 472
Free Trade of the Americas Agreements (FTAA), 261
free-trade policies, 107–108, 111–115, 261
freedom of expression
community media production, 594
telenovelas, 391
Freedom of Information Act, 73
freelance creative workers, 401–404
Freire, Paulo, 515
Freudian psychoanalysis, 568–569
Friedberg, Anne, 425
Fringe, 483
FTAA see Free Trade of the Americas Agreements
FTP see file transfer protocols
Fuglesang, Minou, 313
Full Spectrum Warrior, 92–93, 98
Fuller, L. K., 583
Fung, Anthony, 246
Galperin, H., 120
gaming see videogames
gangster managerialism, 501
Gans, Herbert, 329
Gardner, H., 545
gatekeepers
community media production, 595
cultural imperialism, 248
visibility of media production, 16
GATT see General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Gavaldón, Roberto, 260
Geertz, Clifford, 302–303, 335, 514
gender
children's television, 535–536, 538–541, 543, 547, 550, 553
documentary television, 560
environmental factors and labor markets, 614, 616–617
feminization of media professions, 539–541
Hong Kong film industry, 502
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 4
soft power and the MIM-plex, 94–95, 99
visibility of media production, 14
gender performativity, 408
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 46, 51, 270
genres
mediated performance, 347
national adaptations, 294
George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, The, 460–462
Germany, 283, 287–289, 291–293
Gerrold, David, 404
Gervais, Ricky, 447
GeSI see Global e-Sustainability Initiative
Gill, Rosalind, 560
Ginsburg, Faye D., 302, 312–313
Girls Make Media (Kearney), 512
Giroux, Henry, 510
Gitlin, Todd, 373
Glenn, Senator John, 114
Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI), 609
Global Hollywood (Miller et al.), 478
see also war on terror
global supply chains, 601–602, 606–612, 615–616
globalization
anthropology and ethnography, 300, 313–314
children's television, 535, 547–552
cultural imperialism, 243, 245–247, 249, 251–252
environmental factors and labor markets, 604–605
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 4
Latin American film industry, 270
national adaptations, 277–280, 284
new capitalism, 153–154, 161–167
runaway productions, 466–476, 483, 484–485n
transcultural political economy, 105–125
visibility of media production, 18, 24
glocalization, 284
GNP see gross national product
Goffman, Erving, 346, 350–352, 363–364
Gondola, Didier, 313
Goodman, Steve, 520, 522, 526, 529
Gore, Senator Albert, Jr., 114
gossip columns, 385
governance
changing landscape of media and culture, 43–45
communication and cultural policy, 43–60
global regulatory shifts, 45–49
hegemonies of cultural policy, 49–54
noncommercial, nonprofessional culture, 54–57
phases of transformation, 48–49
visibility of media production, 19–20
Gramsci, Antonio, 131
Gran Hermano, 204
grassroots media, 587
Green Acres, 458
Green, Francis, 566
Grieco, J. M., 47
Griffin, Sean, 457
Griswold, W., 187
gross national product (GNP), 105
Grossman, Elizabeth, 118
Grudge, The (film), 246
G7/8 nations, governance, 47–48
guerilla filmmaking, 496
La Guerra de los magos (film), 265
Gupta, Akhil, 302
Gute Zeiten, Schlechte Zeiten, 283
Gutiérrez, Kris, 518
habits of news production, 326, 328–331, 339–340
hack styles, 428
hackers, 185
Haddock Entertainment, 480–483
Hadl, Gabriele, 594
Hainley, Bruce, 463
Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers (film), 265
Handler, The, 482
implications of hard power/soft power binary, 94
Hardt, Michael, 605
Hart, Jeffery, 113
Hartley, John, 424
Harvey, David
Hong Kong film industry, 492, 498
new capitalism, 153
Hauser, Gerald, 232
Havel, Václav, 77
Hay, J., 1
Haysom, I., 479
HD see high-definition
head of development (HoD), 571–575
Healthy Youth Peer Education program (HYPE), 510–511, 517–529
context and method of study, 517–529
intro to Roots of Change video, 526–529
power and powerlessness behind the camera, 518, 518–521
Hebdige, Dick, 219
hegemonies
media ownership, 132
young people, 510
Heidegger, Martin, 604
Hesmondhalgh, David, 21, 31–32, 90, 99, 557–581
high culture, 44
High School Musical, 545
high-definition (HD) television, 108, 111
El hijo de la novia (film), 267–268
Hill, D. J., 116
Hill, S., 119
historical research, 6
hive-sourcing, 399
Ho, C., 617
HoD see head of development
Hollywood
distributed creation, 397, 399, 404–416
governance, 51
Hong Kong film industry, 496–498
influence on Latin American film industry, 255–276
queer theory, 448, 450–452, 459, 462
runaway productions, 466–487, 484–485n
soft power and the MIM-plex, 84–85, 91–92, 94
television, 194
Hollywood Bohemians: Transgressive Sexuality and the Selling of the Movieland Dream (Abrams), 459
Hollywood North see Canada
Hollywood Stock Exchange (HSX), 410–416
contextualizing flexibility, 498–500
socially marginal status, 488, 490, 500–503
transformations and tactics, 488–508
visibility of media production, 29–30
Honneth, Axel, 568
Horton, Donald, 366
How I Met Your Mother, 198
How Opal Mehta Got Kissed, Got Wild, and Got a Life (Viswanathan), 188n
Howley, K., 588
HSX see Hollywood Stock Exchange
Hulstaert, Gustaaf, 306
Human Target, 205
humanist psychology, 568
Hunt, Lynn, 303
Huntemann, Nina, 96
hybrid PC widescreen models, 108
HYPE see Healthy Youth Peer Education program
hypodermic needle model, 9
ICR see Institute of Communications Research
ICT see information and communication technology; Institute for Creative Technologies
identifications, 349
identity
community media production, 584
distributed creation, 407
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 4
media ownership, 140
queer theory, 446, 448, 461–462
visibility of media production, 20, 27–29
YouTube, 424
IFC see Independent Films Channel
IFPI see International Federation of the Phonographic Industry
IIPA see International Intellectual Property Alliance
illusion of proximity, 349
illustrated summary styles, 427–428
ILO see International Labor Organization
Iluminados por el fuego (film), 266
I'm a Celebrity. . . Get Me Out of Here!, 204
IMCINE see Instituto Mexicano de Cinematografia
IMF see International Monetary Fund
immaterial labor, 605
imperialism
new capitalism, 153
visibility of media production, 15, 18
see also cultural imperialism
improvisation, 497
In Treatment, 205
INCAA see Instituto Nacional de Cine y Artes Audiovisuales
Independent Films Channel (IFC), 260
India
cultural imperialism, 241, 243–245, 247–248
imports and exports of cultural products, 247
national adaptations, 281
individualization, 562–563, 568–569
Inducing Infringement of Copyright Act (INDUCE), 79n
industrialization
visibility of media production, 14, 15–16
information commons see commons approaches
information and communication technology (ICT), 603, 606–617
information operations (IO), 90
Celestial Jukebox, 61, 63–64, 67–69, 78n
change of state in US and EU, 62–63
Digital Economy Act, 73, 74–75
rollout of European access controls, 69–73
information power, 93
information society, 48, 54, 58n, 62, 64
Information Society Commission, 63
information technology (IT), 560
in-game personalization, 233
Innis, Harold, 470
innovation, 330
Inside Prime Time (Gitlin), 373
insider material
queer theory, 446–447, 448–456, 462–464
Institute of Communications Research (ICR), 4
Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT), 83, 85, 89, 91–99, 100n
Instituto Mexicano de Cinematografia (IMCINE), 259–260, 272
Instituto Nacional de Cine y Artes Audiovisuales (INCAA), 266, 270, 271
intellectual property (IP)
book publishing, 177
distributed creation, 399
information policy, 63–67, 69–76
television, 210
intelligent navigators, 233
Interamerican Entertainment Corporation (CIE), 260
interdisciplinary research
visibility of media production, 14, 18
internal goods/rewards, 563–564
International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), 76
international format trade, 279–284
International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA), 64
International Labor Organization (ILO), 608, 610
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 249, 266
international patents, 115
international policy regimes, 45–49, 61–63
international relations (IR), 83, 86–89, 92–93
International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN), 178
International Trade Organization (ITO), 51
International Union of Electrical Radio and Machine Workers, 112–113
Internet
distributed creation, 412
governance, 55
media ownership, 126–127, 133–137, 140–141, 143–144
Internet commons see commons approaches
Internet Governance Forum, 48
Internet Playground: Children's Access, Entertainment, and Mis-Education, The (Seiter), 513
Internet protocol television (IPTV), 78, 233
Internet Service Providers (ISP)
information policy, 69, 70, 75
interpersonal relationships, 333
Interpretation of Cultures, The (Geertz), 302
intersubjectivity, 209
intertextuality, 446–447, 457–458
La Invasora, 381
investments in news production, 326, 331–335
IO see information operations
iPads/iPhones, 611
IPR see intellectual property rights
IPRED see Directive for the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Laws
IPTV see Internet protocol television
IR see international relations
Ireland, 589
Irving, Larry, 109
ISBN see International Standard Book Numbers
ISP see Internet Service Providers
IT see information technology
ITO see International Trade Organization
Ito, Mizuko, 525
It's All Your Fault! (How to Make It as an Assistant in Hollywood) (Robinson & Morris), 406
It's Not You, It's Me (film), 271–272
iTunes
new capitalism, 157
Jacobs, Ronald, 327
James, Clive, 366
James, M., 515
Japan
anthropology and ethnography, 300
children's television, 551–552
cultural imperialism, 244, 246–247
free-trade policies, 113
Jarvie, Ian, 50
jazz music, 132
Jenkins, Henry
book publishing, 185
community media production, 592
distributed creation, 399
television, 197
young people, 525
YouTube, 435
job security/insecurity, 569–570, 575
Johanson, Katya, 50
Johnson, Richard, 373
Johnstone, John, 329
Journal of Radio Studies, 2
journalism
illusion of proximity, 349
military industrial media complex, 84, 85–86
visibility of media production, 24–26
see also news production
Juhasz, Alexandra, 26–27, 420–441
Kafka, Franz, 6
Kalaonga, 310
Kamchatka (film), 267
Kazaa, 65
Kazakhstan, 489
Kearney, Mary, 512
KEI see Knowledge Ecology International
Keil, Charles, 152
Keiser, Max, 414
Kellner, Douglas, 374
Kenney, Martin, 115
Kent, Steve, 281
key scenarios, 299, 304–309, 316
key symbols, 304
Kidjo, Angélique, 162
King, Stephen, 181
Kinsey reports, 461
Klein, Paul, 195
Knowledge Ecology International (KEI), 73
Korea, 241, 243–244, 247–248, 270
imports and exports of cultural products, 247
sales in TV market, 244
Kring, Tim, 401
Krogh, Lars-Jacob, 353
Ku, A. S., 498
La Paz agreement, 613
labor markets
audience power, 220
creative production is theft, 614–617
documentary television, 557–581
global supply chains, 601–602, 606–612, 615–616
Hong Kong film industry, 488, 492–493, 496–498
Latin American film industry, 258, 264
materialist analysis, 602, 606–612
production beyond consciousness, 602–606
runaway productions, 470, 478–479, 483–484, 484–485n
technological sublime, 603–605, 607
transcultural political economy, 107–108, 111–115, 117–120, 602, 612–614
visibility of media production, 16
see also creative labor
Ladies' Night (film), 262
Ladysmith Black Mombazo, 163
Lange, Patricia, 525
Larry Sanders Show, The, 452, 461
Last Train from Hiroshima, The (Pellegrino), 188n
Late Capitalism (Mandel), 152–153
Latin American film industry
Argentine cinema from late 1990s to present, 266–269
number of films released (1997–2009), 267
co-production funding, 257–258, 271–272
Hollywood influence on, 255–276
markets and production figures, 256, 266–267
Mexican cinema from late 1990s to present, 259–266
number of films produced (1997–2009), 260
Mexico as Hollywood's backlot, 262–266
Motion Picture Association, 257–258, 261–262
protectionist legislation, 257
screen quotas in Argentina, 269–271
Lazzarato, Maurizio, 22
LCA see life cycle analysis
LCD see liquid-crystal display
Learning from YouTube, 420–441
censored and copyright writing, 438–439
chaotic writing, 437
entertainment writing, 433–434
hack styles, 428
illustrated summary styles, 427–428
limits of architecture, 426–427, 436, 438–439
mirroring the classroom, 430
technology and equipment, 424–425, 432
Lee, F., 250
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights, 445–447, 450–451
see also queer theory
Lessig, Lawrence, 55–56, 134–137, 140
Lévi-Strauss, C., 157
Levidow, L., 84
liberalization
cultural imperialism, 242, 248–249
governance, 57
Hong Kong film industry, 491, 495
transcultural political economy, 112
see also neoliberalism
librarianship, 70
life cycle analysis (LCA), 608
limits to growth, 615
Lindelof, Damon, 401
Lindstad, Anders, 358
liquid-crystal display (LCD), 119
Live-In Maid (film), 272
Livingstone, S., 1
localization
children's television, 547–552
cultural imperialism, 243–244, 249
national adaptations, 284
runaway productions, 472
location shoots
mediated performance, 357
runaway productions, 474–477, 484
Loeb, Jeph, 404
Long Tail, The (Anderson), 398, 400
Lord of the Rings trilogy (films), 484
Lorre, Chuck, 458
Losh, Elizabeth, 96
Lotame, 231
Lowe, Nichola, 115
Mad Men, 459
Madiko, Wes, 163
maintenance work, 355
Mandel, Ruth, 489
Mangan, Tom, 230
manic disclosure/no-disclosure, 415–416
Manovich, Lev, 425
Manuelita (film), 267
manuscripts
mediated performance, 355–356, 362–363
telenovelas, 388
maquiladora system
environmental factors and labor markets, 602, 612–614
Latin American film industry, 264
television-set production, 107–108, 114–121
Maquilapolis: City of Factories (Funari & de la Torre), 117, 119
Marcuse, Herbert, 593
marginalization
Hong Kong film industry, 488, 490, 500–503
runaway productions, 471–472, 474
market-driven selection, 108
market research, 198
marketing
audience power, 221, 223–224, 227, 229–231
distributed creation, 396, 412
visibility of media production, 16
markets
book publishing, 183
documentary television, 563–564
Latin American film industry, 256
neoliberalism, 510
transcultural political economy, 108–109, 111–115
visibility of media production, 15–19
young people, 510
Marshall Plan, 51
Martin, Sylvia J., 29–30, 488–508
Martín-Barbero, Jesús, 374
Marxism
audience power, 218
community media production, 587, 596–597
documentary television, 561–562, 566, 569
Hong Kong film industry, 499–500
media ownership, 131
new capitalism, 152–153, 166–167
technological sublime, 604
Maslow, Abraham, 568
mass amateurization, 326
Mass Communication Theory (McQuail), 3, 4–5
mass culture perspective, 184, 188n, 219, 587
mass media
anthropology and ethnography, 302, 304
audience power, 218
visibility of media production, 13–16
mass society theory, 188n
massively multi-player online role-playing games (MMOG), 220
Master and Commander (film), 263
materialist analysis, 602, 606–612
materiality paradox, 604
Mayer, Vicki
environmental factors and labor markets, 606
interdisciplinary research, 2, 6–7
transcultural media production, 120
visibility of media production, 13–39
young people, 512–513, 515–516
McCarthyism, 455
McChesney, Robert, 128–133, 140, 219
McFaul, Tom, 160
McHugh, Kathleen, 407
MacIntyre, Alisdair, 563
McKellen, Ian, 447
McKenzie, Jon, 365
McRobbie, Angela, 560
Mead, Margaret, 301
media-buying sector
information flows and inferences, 226–229
targeted personalization, 227, 232–233
transformation and growth, 221–226
visibility of media production, 22
media conglomeration
anti-corporate populism, 126, 127, 128–133
ownership of selected publishing companies, 175
cultural imperialism, 244, 248
Media Monopoly, The (Bagdikian), 128–129
media ownership
anti-corporate populism, 126, 127, 128–133, 139–140, 142–143
community media production, 588–589
democratic deliberation, 126–127
interactivity and the Internet, 127, 133–137
minority ownership of media, 127, 137–144
network neutrality, 128, 135, 140–144
media pluralism, 78
Media Plus Program, 78
Media Worlds (Ginsburg), 312–313
MediaSentry, 65
augmentation of individuality, 366–368
bridging production, text, and performance, 347–348
direction of performances, 352–355
fields of inquiry, 346, 352–364
illusion of proximity, 349
journalistic authority, 348–349
performance, identity, and society, 364–368
policies for performances, 359–362
production and participation frameworks, 350–352
research background, 346, 348–352
scripting performances outside of talk, 355–359
training for performance, 362–364
mediation of everything, 1
Menga, Guy, 305
merchandising, 197, 542, 544, 551
mergers and acquisitions, 128, 155, 174, 194, 211n, 221
Mexican Maquila Women Workers Network, 119
Mexico
cultural imperialism, 244
number of films produced (1997–2009), 260
transcultural political economy, 105, 107–108, 114–121, 612–614
Michaels, E., 603
Michlin, Spencer, 160
militainment
visibility of media production, 19–20
military industrial media complex (MIM-plex)
disciplinary dialogue and global security, 95–99
Institute for Creative Technologies, 83, 85, 89, 91–99
international relations, 83, 86–89, 92–93
thinking with the MIM-plex, 89–91
visibility of media production, 15–16, 19–20
military information society, 84
Million Little Pieces, A (Frey), 188n
Mills, C. Wright, 17
MIM-plex see military industrial media complex
Minority Media & Telecommunications Council (MMTC), 140–141
minority ownership of media, 127, 137–144
Miranda, Mario, 269
Miravista, 262
mix tapes, 55
MMOG see massively multi-player online role-playing games
MMTC see Minority Media & Telecommunications Council
mobile telephony see cell phones
Mobutu Sese Seko, President, 304–307, 317n
models of/models for distinction, 335–336
Modern Family, 198
Moni-Mambu, 315
Moorcroft, Brendan, 233
Moran, Albert, 279
Morgan, Tracy, 446
Morley, David, 348–349, 472, 596
Mosco, Vincent, 61
Moskal, Stormi, 90
Motion Picture Association (MPA), 257–258, 261–262
Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), 64, 66–67, 73, 257
MTV see Music Television
Mukherjee, Roopali, 5
multimedia storytelling, 326, 335
multinational corporations
community media production, 595
environmental factors and labor markets, 609
media ownership, 129
transcultural political economy, 114
multiple queerness, moments of, 460–461
Murdoch, Rupert, 249
music
classification and genre, 165–166
world music styles, 165
documentary television, 561–562
information policy, 65, 70, 78
media ownership, 132
Music Television (MTV), 23, 248–250
Mwana Nsoso, 307
MySpace, 196, 220, 425, 524, 525, 526, 595
NAACP see National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples
El Nacional, 385
NAFTA see North American Free Trade Agreement
narrative programming, 205–207, 209
comedy and the telenovela genre, 289–291
cultural proximity, 284–286, 294–295
dramaturgy and aesthetic styles, 291–293
global licensing and production of Yo soy Betty, la fea, 280–282
international format trade, 279–284
logistics of format marketing, 282–284
production of global formats, 284–286
quiz show, game show, and reality show rights, 283–284
series concept and format outline rights, 283
staging of main character, 287–289
National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples (NAACP), 141
National Association of Broadcasters, 108
National Black Media Coalition (NBMC), 138
National Coalition of Electronic Industry Workers, 612
National Hispanic Media Coalition, 141
National Information and Telecommunications Administration, 109
National Intelligence Council, 121
national media industries
visibility of media production, 18, 30–31
National Research Group (NRG), 411–412
national security, 105
Nations, Gregg, 401
Navarro, Ramón, 256
navigation firms, 233
NBMC see National Black Media Coalition
Negri, Antonio, 605
Negroponte, Nicholas, 216–217, 219–220
neoconservatism, 594
community media production, 594
cultural imperialism, 242, 248–249
documentary television, 561–562
environmental factors and labor markets, 605
governance, 44, 45–46, 48, 52–53
Hong Kong film industry, 488, 499
information policy, 66
liberalization of trade and production, 485n
transcultural political economy, 112, 119
visibility of media production, 18–20, 30–31
young people, 509–511, 513, 515
Netflix, 157
network culture, 17
network neutrality, 128, 135, 140–144
networked information economy, 136
networked production labor see distributed creation
new capitalism
globalization, 153–154, 161–167
historical, economic, and political factors, 152–154
visibility of media production, 21
New Communalist Movement, 134, 137
new international division of cultural labor (NICL), 478–479
New International Division of Labor (NIDL), 609
New Media Monopoly, The (Bagdikian), 129
New Media of Surveillance, The (Gates), 9
New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO), 23, 47
ethnographic research history, 327, 333–334, 339–340
illusion of proximity, 349
investments and resources, 326, 331–335
media ownership, 129
mediated performance, 348–349, 364
models of/models for distinction, 335–336
recognition of new practices, 338–339
taken-for-grantedness, 329–331
United States experience, 325–344
NGO see non-governmental organizations
Nichols, Mike, 476
NICL see new international division of cultural labor
NIDL see New International Division of Labor
Night of the Iguana (film), 263
No Ordinary Family, 198
No sos vos, soy yo (film), 271–272
noncommercial, nonprofessional culture, 54–57
nondiagetic sounds, 292
non-governmental organizations (NGO), 71, 591
nonprofit regulations, 585–586, 595
Nordenstreng, K., 243
Nordic Festival, A (Salonen), 165–166
Noriega, Chon, 448
normalization of governance, 49
normative research, 6
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 114, 117, 264
North Shore Studios, 477
Northrop Frye, Herman, 472
NRG see National Research Group
NWICO see New World Information and Communication Order
OAS see Organization of American States
Obama, Barack, information policy, 72
O'Brian, Conan, 461
OEM see Original Equipment Manufacturers
OFCOM see Office of Communications
off-the-set support, 397
Office of Communications (OFCOM), 74–75
On Probation (film), 266
Ong, Walter, 363
Online Testing Exchange (OTX), 411–412
open-source software
media ownership, 135
Orality and Literacy (Ong), 363
Organization of American States (OAS), 270
organizational functionalism, 331–332
organized crime, 70, 75, 501, 502
Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM), 607–611
originating utterances, 350
Ortega y Gasset, José, 184
Other and Otherness, 302
OTX see Online Testing Exchange
Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance (Gates), 9
outsourcing
distributed creation, 396, 398, 399–404
Hong Kong film industry, 492
runaway productions, 468
transcultural political economy, 115
Padrón, Leonardo, 378–381, 384–387, 389–390
palimpsests of culture, 315–316
Parry, Milman, 363
participation frameworks, 350–352
participatory culture, 525–526
participatory media, 587, 591–592
participatory production, 588–590, 593–594, 596–597
Pasi ya Kozwa Mosala, 307
Patoruzito (film), 267
Paul Simon: Born at the Right Time (Simon), 164
pay-per model
television, 196
PBS see Public Broadcasting Service
Pearl Harbor (film), 263
Pedelty, Mark, 331
peer pressure, 569
peer-to-peer file-sharing see file-sharing
PEG see public, educational, and government access television
Pellegrini, Ann, 461
Pellegrino, Charles, 186, 188n
Pentecostal–Charismatic Christianity, 299, 304–305, 307–309, 314–315
Pérez, Carlos Andrés, 376
Pérez Jiminez, Marcos, 376
performance see mediated performance
personal video recorders (PVR), 196
personalization, targeted, 227, 232–233
Peters, Chuck, 337
Petrie, Robert, 451
Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act, 67
Pierson, Paul, 332
Piracy Deterrence and Education Act (PDEA), 79n
Pirate Parties International (PPI), 63, 77
plagiarism, 186
Plant, The (King), 181
POD see print on demand
Polan, Dana, 423
Politics of HDTV in the United States, The (Hart), 113
pollution see environmental factors
popular culture
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 3
soft power and the MIM-plex, 93, 98
visibility of media production, 14
populism, 126, 127, 128–133, 139–140, 142–143
Por estas calles, 373
portals, 224
Porter, M. E., 482
positionality, 162
positive possibilities, 564
postmodernism, 152–153, 434–435
poststructuralism, 559
Powdermaker, Hortense, 28, 301, 466, 489–490
power
corporate, 215
environmental factors and labor markets, 614
governance, 47
information policy, 67
military industrial media complex, 87–88, 92–95
visibility of media production, 17, 19, 21
young people, 518, 518–521, 522
see also soft power
power elite, 17
Powerpuff Girls, 550
PPC see pay-per-click
PPI see Pirate Parties International
PR see public relations
Pratkin, Andy, 227
prepping and coaching, 355
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, The (Goffman), 346, 368n
Preston, Peter, 330
Princess Bride, The, 226
print on demand (POD), 178–179
Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act (PRO-IP Act), 67
privacy, 234
privatization
visibility of media production, 18, 30–31
PRO-IP Act see Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act
Producing Dreams, Consuming Youth: Mexican Americans and Mass Media (Mayer), 513
product dumping, 112
product integration, 207
product placement, 208
Hong Kong film industry, 488–508
visibility of media production, 27–30
production frameworks, 350–352
production regimes
visibility of media production, 18–20
Program Partners, 482
propaganda
Latin American film industry, 256
military industrial media complex, 89–90
visibility of media production, 13–14
protectionist legislation, 257
Protestant hegemony, 132
proximity, illusion of, 349
PSB see public service broadcasting
pseudo-democratization, 563
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) funding, 588
public discussion forums, 386–387, 596
public, educational, and government (PEG) access television, 583
public interest, 138
Public Knowledge, 141
public policy
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 3
visibility of media production, 19
see also governance
public relations (PR), 90
public service broadcasting (PSB)
Publishers Weekly, 184
Pun, N., 498
push strategies, 22
PVR see personal video recorders
Pyne, Ben, 200
Queer as Folk, 454
backstage television, 445–454, 462–464
camp as comic mode, 445–446, 452–457, 460–464
insider material, 446–447, 448–456, 462–464
queer television culture, 457–462
use of “queer” term, 458
visibility of media production, 28–29
quota quickies, 476
Raboy, Marc, 92
Rabwin, Marcella, 407
race and racism
children's television, 544–545, 547, 550
community media production, 584
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 5–6
media ownership, 126–127, 133, 137–144
new capitalism, 162
visibility of media production, 14
young people, 528
Racial Order of Things, The (Mukherjee), 5
radical media, 587
radio
community media production, 583, 585, 590–591
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 2
runaway productions, 473
Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 111, 112–113, 121n, 485n
Radio–Keith–Orpheum (RKO) studio, 256
“Radio Talk” (Goffman), 368n
Radway, Janet, 219
Raina, R., 615
Rapleaf, 231
RCA see Radio Corporation of America
realism, 26
reality television
national adaptations, 283–284, 285–286
programming practices, 202, 204
really simple syndication (RSS) feeds, 333
recognition of new practices, 338–339
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 64–67, 73
reflexivity
documentary television, 562–563, 564
queer theory, 448, 450, 455, 459
refrigerator studies, 1
Reinventing Film Studies (Gledhill & Williams), 424
religion
Hong Kong film industry, 502–503
postcolonial DRC, 299, 304–305, 307–309, 314–315
remediation, 3
representation
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 7
mediated performance, 347
military industrial media complex, 88, 92, 94–95
queer theory, 448, 454–455, 464
Republic.com (Sunstein), 217
repurposing, 195
re-regulation of governance, 49
reruns, 195
return on investment (ROI), 223
Reygadas, Luis, 606
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), 301
Rhythm of the Saints, The (Simon), 164, 168n
RIAA see Recording Industry Association of America
Rich, B. Ruby, 257
Rich Media, Poor Democracy (McChesney), 129, 219
Richard, Bridgit, 431, 433, 439
Riding the Bullet (King), 181
Ring, The (film), 246
RKO see Radio–Keith–Orpheum
Robbins, Anthony, 568
Roberts, Catherine, 364
Robins, K., 84
Robles, Betty, 119
rock ideology, 561
Rodríguez, Clemencia, 588
Roen, P., 457
ROI see return on investment
romance novels, 219
Roots of Change (documentary video), 517, 521, 526–529
rosa telenovela format, 377–378
Rose, N., 585
Ross, Andrew, 560
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 567
Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In, 455
royalties, 403
RSS see really simple syndication (RSS) feeds
Rudo y Cursi (film), 262
constructing Vancouver as Hollywood
international production ecology, 483–484
Latin American film industry, 258–259
media capitals and creative clusters, 480–483
politics of space and place, 469–474
Ryfe, David Michael, 25–26, 325–344
Saatchi, Maurice and Charles, 221
SACA see San Antonio Cultural Arts
SACOM see Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior
Saludos Amigos (film), 259
San Antonio Cultural Arts (SACA), 513, 516
Sanchez, Michel, 163
Sarikakis, Katharine, 19, 43–60
Saturday Night Live, 198
Savorelli, Antonio, 294
Scannell, Paddy, 363
Schechner, Richard, 348
Schiller, Daniel, 61, 68, 107, 110
Schiller, Herbert, 84, 242–243, 250–252
Schlesinger, Phillip, 328
Schultz, Katherine, 518
scientific management, 406–407
Scott, Allen, 480
Screen Actors Guild (SGA), 258
Searle, John, 335
Secret in Their Eyes, The (film), 266
El secreto de sus ojos (film), 266
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 453
Seeger, Anthony, 152
Seiter, Ellen, 136–137, 513–517, 525–526
self-esteem, 568
self-estrangement, 566, 567–568
self-exploitation, 562, 564–565, 593
self-expression, 431
self-interest, 333
self-publishing, 171–173, 177–185, 187
self-realization, 562, 565, 568–570, 572–576
self-reflexivity, 448, 450, 455, 459
semi-conductors, 607
sender–message–receiver (SMR) model, 603
Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 305
Sennett, Richard, 152–154, 570
series concept rights, 283
Serious Leisure (Stebbins), 430
Sewell, William, 332
Sex, Shame and Tears (film), 262
Sexo, pudor y lagrimas (film), 262
see also queer theory
SGA see Screen Actors Guild
Shall We Dance (film), 246
Shandling, Garry, 461
Shanghai Media Group (SMG), 249
Shapiro, Gary, 114
shared resources, 76
Sherman, Tom, 432, 434, 436, 439
Shi, Nansun, 501
Shirky, Clay, 326
shopping carts, 234
short message service (SMS), 202
Sigal, Leon, 328
Sigelman, Lee, 329
Silicon Border, 105, 107–108, 114–121, 612–614
Siliwood, 96
sitcoms, 200
Skene, Wayne, 473
slugs, 349
slush piles, 174
Small Chicken, 307
smart phones, 172
SMG see Shanghai Media Group
Smith, Doug, 335
SMR see sender–message–receiver (SMR)
SMS see short message service
So, A. Y., 491
soap operas
national adaptations, 279, 283, 294
visibility of media production, 24
see also telenovelas
social inclusion, 544
social justice
children's television, 552–554
community media production, 591–592, 593
documentary television, 558–559, 569
social media
audience power, 235
Hong Kong film industry, 503
social movements, 63
social value, 573
socially marginal status, 488, 490, 500–503
society, performance, identity and, 364–368
sociocultural factors
audience power, 235
children's television, 537, 538
visibility of media production, 15–16, 28–30
socioeconomic factors, 2–3, 524–525
sociology
documentary television, 557, 559–560, 567
mediated performance, 346, 347
disciplinary dialogue and global security, 95–99
implications of hard power/soft power binary, 94
Institute for Creative Technologies, 83, 85, 89, 91–99
international relations, 83, 86–89, 92–93
military industrial media complex, 83, 84–91
thinking with the MIM-plex, 89–91
visibility of media production, 19
Sola Pool, Ithiel de, 133–134, 137
Son of the Bride (film), 267–268
Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 66–67
Soper, K., 597
Sørenssen, Bjorn, 422
South African Broadcasting Act (1999), 589
South Korea, 241, 243–244, 247–248, 270
Spain, 271–272, 287–289, 291–293
Sparrow, Bartholomew, 327
Spigel, Lynn, 448
Sreberny-Mohammadi, A., 250–251
stabilization of governance, 49
stakeholder analysis, 61, 63, 70–73
standards of excellence, 563
state-controlled media, 377, 387
State of Youth Media Field Report (Dahl), 511–512
stereotypes, 461, 512, 528, 540, 543, 547, 550
Stern, Howard, 461
Steve Allen Show, The, 456
storyboards, 356
storytelling
transmedia, 197
Straayer, Chris, 455
Strangelove, Michael, 428
strategic segmentation, 230
Straubhaar, Joseph D., 284–285
street children, 383
stress, 570
Student Youth Network (SYN), 590–591
Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior (SACOM), 609, 616
stylistic exhibitionism, 196, 209
subjectivity
community media production, 584
documentary television, 561–562, 564
subsidiary rights, 176
subventions, 178
Supernatural, 208
supply chain studies, 601–602, 606–612, 615–616
surveillance
audience power, 219
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 9
mediated performance, 365
sustainability, 615
Swidler, Ann, 337
Swopes, Mel, 477
SYN see Student Youth Network (SYN)
Tagliavini, Gabriela, 262
Taiwan
cultural imperialism, 244
transcultural political economy, 115, 117
taken-for-grantedness, 329–331
talkback radio, 583
talk-shows, 346, 350, 355–359, 364
tantalize imperative (TV), 192, 209–210
targeted personalization, 227, 232–233
Taub-Pervizpour, Lora, 30, 509–531
Tax Certificate Policies, 138
taxation
Hong Kong film industry, 500
Latin American film industry, 259, 262–263, 268
media ownership, 138
transcultural political economy, 117
Taylor, Timothy D., 21, 151–170
technological sublime, 603–605, 607
Technologies of Freedom: On Free Speech in an Electronic Age (Sola Pool), 133–134
telecommunications, 107
Telecommunications Act (1996), 62
Chávez and the media, 377, 383–384, 388–389, 391
Cosita Rica
journey/flight metaphor, 380–389
national adaptations, 277–282, 286–294
production regime, 379
protagonists and secondary characters, 384–385
reality, crisis and television, 375–378
reality and fiction, 381–382, 387–389
rosa and de ruptura formats, 377–378
theoretical framework and methods, 373–375
Venezuela's political crisis, 375–377
television
anthropology and ethnography, 299–309, 314–316
citizens in TV fiction and nationalism, 305–307
comedy and the telenovela genre, 289–291
cross-media expansion, 197, 203, 206
cultural proximity, 284–286, 294–295
distributed creation, 396, 397, 399–404
dramaturgy and aesthetic styles, 291–293
global licensing and production of Yo soy Betty, la fea, 280–282
international format trade, 279–284
key scenarios, 299, 304–309, 316
logistics of format marketing, 282–284
mediated performance, 346–347, 351–361, 363–364
military industrial media complex, 84
narrative programming, 205–207, 209
new capitalism, 157
palimpsests of culture, 315–316
Pentecostal–Charismatic Christianity and, 299, 304–305, 307–309, 314–315
production of global formats, 284–286
programming practices, 192–214
queer theory, 445–449, 451–464
quiz show, game show, and reality show rights, 283–284
runaway productions, 468–469, 474, 477, 480–484
series concept and format outline rights, 283
staging of main character, 287–289
transition period to digital, 109–110, 120–121
value of programs, 192–193, 194–199
visibility of media production, 22
see also children's television; community media production; digital television; documentary television
Television Without Frontiers, 78
television–Internet convergence, 106, 108, 110, 116
television-set production, 105–125
Terranova, Tizziana, 220
tether imperative (TV), 192, 207–208
textual analysis, 347–348, 603
They Say I'm a Communist (film), 256
third sector see community media production
third spaces, 518
30 Rock, 445–446, 459, 461–462, 464
33across, 231
This is Not Art festival, 593
Three Caballeros, The (film), 259
Three Cups of Tea (Mortenson), 188n
Thrift, Bigel, 478
Tickner, J. Ann, 94
Tiempo de valientes (film), 266
Tinkcom, Matthew, 459
Toffler, Alvin, 605
Tollman, V., 438
Tolson, Andrew, 364
Towards a Sociology of Mass Communications (McQuail), 7
tracking pixels, 223
Trade Expansion Act (1962), 107, 112–113
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 72–73
training for media performance, 362–364
Trainspotting (film), 481
transcultural political economy
environmental factors, 602, 612–614
free-trade policies, 107–108, 111–115
labor markets, 107–108, 111–115, 117–120, 602, 612–614
maquiladora system, 107–108, 114–121
ramifications of high-tech manufacturing, 117–120
television-set production, 105–125
transformative culture, 57–58, 97
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (film), 89
translate imperative (TV), 192, 203–207
transmedia storytelling, 197
transnationalization of media production, 18–19
Hong Kong film industry, 493–494
transparency
environmental factors and labor markets, 612
governance, 53
Hong Kong film industry, 502
travel imperative (TV), 192, 199–203
Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film), 263
TRIPS see Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Tung, Chee-hwa, 499
Turner, Fred, 134
Turner, Graeme, 25
Turner, Michael, 404
Turner, Victor, 348
Turse, Nick, 90
Tusberg, Harald, 367
news production, 337
typography, 422
Tyszka, Barrera, 390
ubiquity distribution, 201
Ugly Betty, 205, 277–282, 286–294
Ugly Duckling, The (Andersen), 282
UNESCO see United Nations Economic, Social, and Cultural Organization
Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA), 79n
unions
environmental factors and labor markets, 612–613
Hong Kong film industry, 493, 496–498
runaway productions, 467–468, 479
transcultural political economy, 111–113
United Kingdom (UK), 589
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Latin American film industry, 270
visibility of media production, 23
United States Intellectual Property Enforcement Representative (USIPER), 67
United States Tariff Commission, 113
United States Trade Representative (USTR), 64, 66, 73
unsolicited manuscripts, 174
urban regeneration, 50
USIPER see United States Intellectual Property Enforcement Representative
USTR see United States Trade Representative
Van Dijck, Jose, 220
Vancouver see Canadian film industry
vanity publishing, 173, 177–178, 187
Vanstrom, Eric, 398–399, 410–416
Variety, 203
Varis, Tapio, 243
VCD see video compact discs
VCR see video cassette recorders
Vélez, Lupe, 256
Viacom, 249
see also YouTube
video cassette recorders (VCR), 196
video compact discs (VCD), 312
video on demand (VOD), 78, 196
Video Vortex Reader (Lovink & Niederer), 434
videogaming
cultural imperialism, 248
military industrial media complex, 85–86, 91–93, 98
Vietnam, 244
viral citizen journalism, 24–25
viral marketing, 412
visibility of media production, 13–39
organization of production, 20–22
producing the field, 33
product and content flows, 23–25
production regimes and infrastructures, 18–20
production work and practices, 25–27
structure and agency in research, 14–17
zeitgeist for media production, 17–18
Visible World, 233
visual media, 302
Viswanathan, Kaavya, 186, 188n
Las Voces de la Maquila, 613
VOD see video on demand
Vogel, Harold, 414
voice
children's television, 545–546
young people, 509–511, 518, 521–523
voice-over narration
mediated performance, 349
voyeurism, 430
Wallerstein, I., 244
Warde, Alan, 334
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE), 608, 610–611
Watkins, Melville, 473
We Care: A Video for Care Providers of People Affected by AIDS, 423–424
Weakest Link, 204
Wealth of Networks, The (Benkler), 217
weblogs see blogosphere
WEEE see Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
Weekly Variety, 89
Weiner, Norbert, 134
Whiteside, Thomas, 176, 187–188n
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, 279, 283–284
Whole Earth Catalog (Weiner & Brand), 134
Why Voice Matters: Culture and Politics after Neoliberalism (Couldry), 509–511
Will and Grace, 454
Williams, Raymond
community media production, 587–588, 594, 597
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 9
visibility of media production, 14, 27
Wings (film), 89
WIPO see World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
With Our Own Voices, 546
Wizards of the Lost Kingdom, 265
Wohl, R. Richard, 366
word-of-mouth, 412
work–life balance, 570, 574–575
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 67, 72
styles, 165
World Summit on Information Society (WSIS), 23, 47–48
World Trade Organization (WTO)
cultural imperialism, 249
information policy, 62, 63, 78
Worldwide Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), 516
Writing Superheroes: Contemporary Childhood, Popular Culture, and Classroom Literacy (Dyson), 516
WSIS see World Summit on the Information Society
WTO see World Trade Organization
WWE see Worldwide Wrestling Entertainment
Wyatt, Justin, 22
X-Factor, The, 202
Y tu mamá también (film), 260–261
Yahoo, 224
Yo soy Betty, la fea, 277–282, 286–294
see also national adaptations
Young, Iris Marion, 584
young people
agents of change, 524
community media production, 582, 590–592
documentary television, 560
Healthy Youth Peer Education program (HYPE), 510–511, 517–529
information policy, 75
interdisciplinary nature of media studies, 7
intro to Roots of Change video, 526–529
participatory culture, 525–526
power and powerlessness behind the camera, 518, 518–521, 522
socioeconomic factors, 524–525
visibility of media production, 31
YouTube
book publishing, 185
censored and copyright writing, 438–439
chaotic writing, 437
community media production, 583, 594–595
entertainment writing, 433–434
hack styles, 428
illustrated summary styles, 427–428
limits of architecture, 426–427, 436, 438–439
mirroring the classroom, 430
technology and equipment, 424–425
television, 201
visibility of media production, 26–27
writing and teaching with digital video, 420–441
Ytreberg, Espen, 26–27, 345–371
Zambia, 301
Zeta, 388
Zimbabwe, 301
Zoellner, Anna, 31–32, 557–581
Zucker, Jeff, 401
Zyrd, Michael, 423