If you click on the three lines in the top-right corner of the Inspector, a small menu appears, and selecting Debug allows you to see more information about the components. It does show private variables as uneditable, so that is a great attribute of this Debug option:

Now, this is really a tool for debugging custom editor controls and windows, but this can absolutely be put into your tool belt for the right occasion.

The range of tools available to us to find the problems that will occur is indeed wide. From the most basic of tracking variables in the Unity interface down to Visual Studio Graphic, debugging allows you to break down every individual draw call to find and fix really deep problems.