76 Internet of Things
• Special ambient sensors have been deployed to monitor the temperature and humidity of
the warehouse. These sensors can detect unhealthy high or low temperature and can send
an alarm to the in charge of the place.
The information collected from the Smart Parking system gets gathered to the base station. The
other smart sensors also communicate through IoT gateway with 802.15.14. Lastly, all the valu-
able information gets visualized through the central computer at the main showroom. IoT can
bring innovation to various sectors like water, agriculture, parking, logistics, retail, industry and
e-health. Interoperability is the prominent character that shows the future of IoT value chain
and huge ecosystem with cloud partners. With the right compatible dashboards and sensors,
the users are able to see important information in real-time. Due to the low cost of IoT and its
compatibility with existing technologies, they are much aordable than ever before.
Recommended Readings
1. A case study in applying security design patterns for IoT software system
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
The Internet of Things (IoT) involves the increasing prevalence of objects and entities with the ability to
transfer data over the network automatically. The main problem of IoT software system is that the security has not
always been considered. This study applies five security design patterns for the development of an IoT software sys-
tem. The security issue of unsecure application data is addressed by the security design patterns of secure directory,
secure logger and exception manager. The security issues of unsecure wireless communication and unsecure user
information are addressed by secure adapter pattern and input validation pattern, respectively.
2. IoT Design Patterns: Computational Constructs to Design, Build and Engineer Edge
Applications
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
The objective of design patterns is to make design robust and to abstract reusable solutions behind expres-
sive interfaces, independent of a concrete platform. They are abstracted away from the complexity of underlying
and enabling technologies. The connected things in IoT tend to be diverse in terms of supported protocols,
communication methods and capabilities, computational power and storage. This motivates us to look for
more cost-effective and less resource-intensive IoT microservice models. We have identified a wide range of
design disciplines involved in creating IoT systems, that act as a seamless interface for collaborating heteroge-
neous things, and suitable to be implemented on resource-constrained devices. The IoT patterns covered in this
paper vary in their granularity and level of abstraction. They are inter-related, well-structured design artifacts,
providing efficient and reliable solutions to recurring problems discovered by IoT system architects. The authors
offer sound advice for designing, building, and scaling with cross-device interactions inherent in complex IoT
ecosystems.
3. Interaction Patterns for Smart Spaces: A Confident Interaction Design Solution for Pervasive
Sensitive IoT Services
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Internet_of_Things_CH03_pp055-080.indd 76 9/3/2019 10:13:08 AM
Chapter 3 Design Patterns for IoT 77
Abstract:
Smart spaces represent a powerful tool for deploying the new pervasive sensitive services based on Internet
of Things products and developed in current information society close to users. Researchers have focused their
efforts on new techniques to improve systems and products in this area but neglecting the human factors related
to psychological aspects of the user and their psycho-social relationship with the deployment space where they
live. This research proposes to take into account these cognitive features in early stages of the design of smart
spaces by defining a set of interaction patterns. By using this set of interaction patterns it is possible to influence
over the confidence that users can develop during the use of IoT products and services based on them. An eval-
uative verification has been carried out to assess how this design engineering approach provides a real impact
on the generation of confidence in the users of this kind of technology.
4. An ontology design pattern for IoT device tagging systems
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
Modeling devices has become a crucial task in the Internet of Things (IoT) and Semantic Web technol-
ogies are seen as a promising tool for this purpose. However, as it may be arduous to manipulate semantic
models, industrial solutions often re-define non-standard, simplified semantics. This is the case with Proj-
ect Haystack, a framework to tag devices with labels from a predefined vocabulary in the field of Building
Automation. In order to make Project Haystack standard and fully semantic, we wrapped its vocabulary in
ontology. In this paper, we present the general structure of this ontology, along with a method to turn tag sets
into a Semantic Web model and back. The whole results in a reusable ontology design pattern. We aligned our
Haystack tagging ontology with the wide-spreaded Semantic Sensor Network upper ontology and we designed
a configuration environment for Building Automation systems based on semantic data to illustrate, so as to
discuss the added-value of semantics in automation.
5. Internet of Things: A review to support IoT architecture’s design
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
Internet of Things (IoT) is a state-of-the-art field that is affecting every aspect of human life. This paper
presents a state-of-the-art overview of IoT challenges, available standards, and popular architectures. The aim
is to guide future researchers in the field of IoT by highlighting the main research gaps. Moreover, it provides
research recommendations to help in designing future IoT architectures that fit IoT environment characteristics.
6. Designing IoT architecture(s): A European perspective
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
Internet of Things (IoT) domain has attracted a lot of interest over the last few years, to a large extent
due to its applicability across a plethora of application domains. This variety of application domains resulted
in a variety of requirements that IoT systems should comply with. Due to the heterogeneity of the domains,
the requirements varied significantly, and demanding more or less complex systems with varied performance
expectations. This situation affected the architecture design and resulted in a range of IoT architectures with
not only varied set of components and functionalities, but also varied terminologies used. It resulted in limited
interoperability between the systems which in turn hampered development of the complete domain. To address
these issues, to ensure a common understanding by providing a framework catering for different applications
Internet_of_Things_CH03_pp055-080.indd 77 9/3/2019 10:13:08 AM
78 Internet of Things
and eventually enable reuse of the existing work across the domains, reference architectures are an appropriate
tool. This paper presents an overview of the activities done in Europe towards definition of such a common
framework together with how it is being used and a potential outlook for these efforts.
7. Web of Topics: An IoT-aware model-driven designing approach
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
In the Internet of Things, the extreme heterogeneity of sensors, actuators and user devices calls for new
tools and design models able to translate the user’s needs in machine-understandable scenarios. The scientific
community has proposed different solution for such issue, e.g., the MQTT (MQ Telemetry Transport) proto-
col introduced the topic concept as “the key that identifies the information channel to which payload data is
published”. This study extends the topic approach by proposing the Web of Topics (WoX), a conceptual model
for the IoT. A WoX Topic is identified by two coordinates: (i) a discrete semantic feature of interest (e.g. tem-
perature, humidity), and (ii) a URI-based location. An IoT entity defines its role within a Topic by specifying
its technological and collaborative dimensions. By this approach, it is easier to define an IoT entity as a set of
couples Topic-Role. In order to prove the effectiveness of the WoX approach, we developed the WoX APIs on
top of an EPCglobal implementation. Then, 10 developers were asked to build a WoX-based application sup-
porting a physics lab scenario at school. They also filled out an ex-ante and an ex-post questionnaire. A set of
qualitative and quantitative metrics allowed measuring the model’s outcome.
8. IoT Coordination: Designing a Context-Driven Architecture
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
The Internet of things (IoT) is an emerging technology that grows every day and enables to create smart
services and applications by connecting some suitable digital and physical things through communication tech-
nologies. To achieve this objective, several challenges have to be met. Among these challenges, we cite connected
things heterogeneity, communication protocols diversity, context-awareness, things discovery and availability,
decision-making algorithms, etc. In this paper, we are interested in IoT coordination that involves all of these
and defined as the ability to use different IoT together smoothly and efficiently to attain required objective. In
the literature, researchers tend to use orchestration or choreography as a way to meet this challenge. However
coordination is more complex to be resolved by an orchestration or choreography. That’s why in this paper, we
present an approach that is more likely to respond to the coordination challenge. This approach is based on both
choreography and orchestration. In addition a floods case study is proposed to more describe the behavior of our
suggested context-driven architecture.
9. IoT architecture a gateway for smart cities in Arab world
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
In the last years, the world has jumped rapidly towards more urbanization, and for the first time in the
history of 2008 urban population exceeded the rural population. By 2050, it is expected that two-thirds of the
world population will live in urban areas. Because of this rapid urbanization worldwide, smart cities emerged
as a significant formation of cities that help in achieving sustainable development and smart growth. Smart
cities definition varies depending on whom you talk to, the main mission of a smart city is to optimize city
functions and lead economic growth as well as, improving quality of life for its residents using smart technology
Internet_of_Things_CH03_pp055-080.indd 78 9/3/2019 10:13:08 AM
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