specific area. Plus, the central station consists of the basic means of transport for the city.
However, Dordrecht is mostly a residential area. Thus, there are huge changes in the move-
ment flows and occupancy patterns throughout the day. The deployed gateway could detect
the MAC addresses of smartphones and cars by scanning their Wi-Fi signals. The IoT gateways
get synchronized by using an external digital device. The obtained data could be downloaded
occasionally on a laptop through a Wi-Fi connection to avoid overloading situations.
The employees from the Municipality of Dordrecht were entirely satisfied with the
functionalities of the system and the knowledge it could provide. We can use the obtained
information for pre- and post-processing tool for urban development planning, monitoring the
trac system, controlling the crowd etc.
The deployed sensors have access to individual databases where they can store the data.
Postgres has been used as a basic tool to store data. Later, SQL queries and python script are
utilized for further analysis and allows visualization of the obtained data with flow and destiny
maps.
Urban Planning Is the Key for Smart Cities
Dordrecht as a city has shown great enthusiasm and interest in smart cities. The local authorities
also want to rebuild the city in order to alter the uses of land and improve public services. There
are three categories of users that have been recognized by this project; Pedestrian, bicyclist, and
vehicle. By using this classification, each road is studied thoroughly to determine its mobility.
The most frequent patterns are identified by examining the movement behaviors. Rush hours
and recession periods are well recognized by the system. This is done by considering the
occupancy relationship among the research area and its surroundings.
Before this particular research, there was no prominent data about road mobility and
occupancy patterns in the city. The ability of Wi-Fi sensors and Wi-Fi routers have proven to be
a great help for the project.
Recommended Readings:
1. NFV enabled IoT architecture for an operating room environment.
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
The Internet of Things (IoTs) refers to the inter-connection of billions of smart devices. The steadily increas-
ing number of IoT devices with heterogeneous characteristics requires that future networks evolve to provide a
new architecture to cope with the expected increase in data generation. Network function virtualization (NFV)
provides the scale and flexibility necessary for IoT services by enabling the automated control, management
and orchestration of network resources. In this paper, we present a novel NFV enabled IoT architecture targeted
for a state-of-the art operatinsg room environment. We use web services based on the representational state
transfer (REST) web architecture as the IoT application’s southbound interface and illustrate its applicability
via two dierent scenarios.
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2. IoT routing architecture with autonomous systems of things.
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
This article presents a future-driven routing architecture for Internet of Things (IoT). This IoT is a novel
concept involving a new concept regarding a set of things with the same routing and service polices, denoted
by an autonomous system of things (ASoT). In IoT, an ASoT would be connected not only to the others but
legacy autonomous systems (ASs) for the Internet in a wide variety of scenarios. Hence, this article firstly
addresses classification of diverse features of ASoTs, and then explores new challenges especially on inter-
domain routing.
3. A novel IoT access architecture for vehicle monitoring system.
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming increasingly important for trac monitoring, medical treatment
and other industrial applications. With the continuous development of the IoT, more and more “things” will
be able to access to the IoT. Considering a large number of heterogeneous “things”, how to provide a unified
access mechanism to the IoT is a fundamental and key issue. In this paper, we propose a novel IoT access
architecture based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) and system on chip (SoC), which can provide a
unified access to the IoT for a wide variety of low-speed and high-speed devices with associated extendibility
and configurability. We have adopted IEEE1451.2 standard for this design and applied the proposed design
to vehicle monitoring system. The results indicate that the system can provide good performance in practical
application.
4. A Taxonomy of IoT Client Architectures.
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
This article defines a taxonomy of software architecture options, derived from industry projects, for Inter-
net of Things (IoT) devices, from the most limited sensing devices to high-end devices featuring fully fledged
OSs and developer frameworks. A plethora of architecture options exists for IoT devices, oering very dierent
levels of software development capabilities. These capabilities can significantly aect IoT systems’ end-to-end
architecture and topology.
5. An IoT smart home architecture for long-term care of people with special needs.
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
We describe a system architecture for smart homes to support the long-term care of people with
special needs. Our system is designed to track and analyze the behavior of residents at multiple time scales
and to provide reports and alerts to the caregiving sta. Activity analysis is based on a heterogeneous
sensor set which provides dierent types of information at a variety of locations in the home. The system
architecture includes a smart home engine for local sensor management and analysis plus a cloud-based
analyticsengine.
Chapter 4 IoT Architecture Choices 101
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6. A novel clock synchronization architecture for IoT access system.
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
With the development of Internet of Thing, the demand for clock synchronization in IoT application is
continues increasing. However, due to the heterogeneous devices and interfaces in IoT access system, most of the
traditional methods for clock synchronization are not applicable. In this paper, we present novel clock synchro-
nization architecture for IoT access system in the practical application scenario. By adopting the RTC, GPS,
NTP/SNTP and PTP technologies, the architecture can be implemented with dierent strategy to meet the
dierent needs of clock synchronization precision. A typical vehicle monitoring system based on the proposed
architecture for real-time video monitoring and environmental information acquisition has been designed and
implemented. The experimental results indicate the system can synchronize the clock with high precision and
reliability.
7. Architecture of an IoT-based system for football supervision (IoT Football).
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
Football, also called soccer, is one of the most popular sports in the world, if one considers the number
of fans as well as the number of players. However, footballers face serious injuries during the match and even
during training. Concussion, hypoglycemia, swallowing the tongue and shortness of breath are examples of
the health problems footballers face, and in extreme cases, may lead to death. In addition, many sport clubs
and sport academies spend millions of dollars contracting new professional footballers or even developing new
professional footballers. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that combines various technologies to
enhance our lives. Today’s technology can protect footballers by diagnosing any health problems, which may
occur during the match or training session, which, if detected early, may prevent any adverse eects on their
long-term health. This paper proposes an IoT-based architecture for the sport of football, called IoT Football.
Our proposal aims to embed sensing devices (e.g. sensors and RFID), telecommunication technologies (e.g.
ZigBee) and cloud computing in the sport of football in order monitor the health of footballers and reduce
the occurrence of adverse health conditions. The aim is to integrate the IoT environment, in particular the IoT
application, into the field of sport in the form of a new application.
8. Design of the mass multimedia files storage architecture based on Hadoop.
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org (Accessed on 01 July 2019)
Abstract:
With the development of social network and video sites, the amount of images and videos being uploaded
to the internet is rapidly increasing, and it is more and more dicult to storage and process the mass network
images and videos. How to storage, manage and classify mass network images and videos eectively, and
provide an excellent experience for users has been an urgent problem. Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS)
becomes a representative cloud storage platform, benefiting from its reliable, scalable and low-cost storage
capability. However, HDFS is not designed for storing mass small files. This paper presents a Hadoop-based
mass multimedia files storage architecture. The core idea of this architecture is that merge the small images
and video files to a Bundle, and provide a unified interface to handle mass images and videos. It’s a good
solution to the problem of small files. The experimental results show that the approach can achieve a better
performance.
102 Internet of Things
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