Table of Contents

Foreword

Sand Deformation at the Grain Scale Quantified Through X-ray Imaging

1. Introduction

2. Experimental setup, testing program and materials tested

3. Continuum and discrete volumetric digital image correlation

4. Selected results

5. Conclusions

6. References

Quantitative Description of Grain Contacts in a Locked Sand

1. Introduction

2. Locked sand

3. Material and methods

4. Image analysis

5. Results and discussion

6. Conclusions

7. References

3D Characterization of Particle Interaction Using Synchrotron Microtomography

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

3. Particle sliding and rotation during shear

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgments

6. References

Characterization of the Evolving Grain-Scale Structure in a Sand Deforming under Triaxial Compression

1. Introduction

2. Experimental set-up and material

3. Data analysis: characterization of structural evolution

4. Conclusions

5. References

Visualization of Strain Localization and Microstructures in Soils during Deformation Using Microfocus X-ray CT

1. Introduction

2. Microfocus x-ray CT

3. Visualization of strain localization in soil specimens

4. Microstructures in sand specimens

5. Conclusions

6. References

Determination of 3D Displacement Fields between X-ray Computed Tomography Images Using 3D Cross-Correlation

1. Introduction

2. Cross-correlation technique for pure displacements

3. An interactive computer code to find 3D displacement fields

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

Characterization of Shear and Compaction Bands in Sandstone Using X-ray Tomography and 3D Digital Image Correlation

1. Introduction

2. Full field non-destructive techniques

3. Experimental work: materials studied and experimental program

4. Results and discussion

5. Conclusions

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Deformation Characteristics of Tire Chips-Sand Mixture in Triaxial Compression Test by Using X-ray CT Scanning

1. Introduction

2. Deformation characteristics of rubber particle aggregate

3. Deformation characteristics of tire chips and sand mixture

4. Conclusions

5. References

Strain Field Measurements in Sand under Triaxial Compression Using X-ray CT Data and Digital Image Correlation

1. Introduction

2. Summary of test procedure

3. Image analysis

4. Results and discussion

5. Conclusions

6. References

Latest Developments in 3D Analysis of Geomaterials by Morpho+

1. Introduction

2. Morpho+

3. Conclusions

4. Acknowledgements

5. References

Quantifying Particle Shape in 3D

1. Introduction to particle shape in 3D

2. Measuring particle shape – experiment and mathematical analysis

3. Examples of particle shape analysis

4. Future research

5. References

3D Aggregate Evaluation Using Laser and X-ray Scanning

1. Introduction

2. Laser and x-ray scanning systems for aggregate evaluations

3. Data analysis and results

4. Conclusions

5. References

Computation of Aggregate Contact Points, Orientation and Segregation in Asphalt Specimens Using their X-ray CT Images

1. Introduction

2. Materials and characteristics of the x-ray CT equipment

3. Image processing procedure to segment aggregates

4. Calculation of aggregate-to-aggregate contact points

5. Calculation of the orientation of aggregates

6. Calculation of the segregation of aggregates

7. Conclusions

8. References

Integration of 3D Imaging and Discrete Element Modeling for Concrete Fracture Problems

1. Introduction

2. Instrumentation and experiments

3. Lattice formulation and simulation

4. Examination of specimens with spherical inclusions

5. Summary

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Application of Microfocus X-ray CT to Investigate the Frost-induced Damage Process in Cement-based Materials

1. Introduction

2. Experimental procedure

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusion

5. Acknowledgments

6. References

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Self-healing in Concrete by Means of µ-CT

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

Quantification of Material Constitution in Concrete by X-ray CT Method

1. Introduction

2. X-ray CT method

3. X-ray CT image and CT value

4. Quantification method for material constitution in concrete

5. Application to concrete specimen

6. Conclusions

7. References

Sealing Behavior of Fracture in Cementitious Material with Micro-Focus X-ray CT

1. Introduction

2. Sample

3. Methodology

4. Results

5. Discussion

6. Conclusions

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

Extraction of Effective Cement Paste Diffusivities from X-ray Microtomography Scans

1. Introduction

2. Numerical results

3. Correction for unresolved submicron features

4. Conclusions

5. References

Contributions of X-ray CT to the Characterization of Natural Building Stones and their Disintegration

1. Introduction

2. Methods and instrumentation

3. Materials

4. Results and discussion

5. Conclusion

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Characterization of Porous Media in Agent Transport Simulation

1. Introduction

2. X-ray CT scan of porous building materials

3. 3D image reconstruction

4. Quantitative estimate of material properties based on x-ray scans

5. Conclusions

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Two Less-Used Applications of Petrophysical CT-Scanning

1. Introduction

2. Dual energy CT for core characterization

3. Saturation calculation during multiphase flow

4. Conclusions

5. References

Trends in CT-Scanning of Reservoir Rocks

1. Introduction

2. Petroleum engineering applications of micro CT-scanning

3. Typical workflow for determining petrophysical properties using micro CT

4. Results for carbonate reservoir data

5. Discussion

6. Acknowledgments

7. References

3D Microanalysis of Geological Samples with High-Resolution Computed Tomography

1. Introduction

2. High resolution CT

3. Possible resolution and detail detectability

4. Results

5. Summary

6. Acknowledgments

7. References

Combination of Laboratory Micro-CT and Micro-XRF on Geological Objects

1. Introduction

2. Experimental setup

3. Results

4. Conclusion

5. References

Quantification of Physical Properties of the Transitional Phenomena in Rock from X-ray CT Image Data

1. Introduction

2. Employed x-ray CT scanner

3. Analysis of tracer advection and diffusion process in porous rock

4. Analysis of CO₂ replacement ratio in porous rock

5. Conclusions

6. References

Deformation in Fractured Argillaceous Rock under Seepage Flow Using X-ray CT and Digital Image Correlation

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

3. Results and discussions

4. Conclusions

5. References

Experimental Investigation of Rate Effects on Two-Phase Flow through Fractured Rocks Using X-ray Computed Tomography

1. Introduction

2. Experiment design

3. Experimental procedure

4. Determination of porosity and fluid saturation

5. Results and discussion

6. Conclusions

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

Micro-Petrophysical Experiments Via Tomography and Simulation

1. Introduction

2. Work flow

3. Material phase segmentation

4. Registration

5. Case studies

6. Conclusions

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

Segmentation of Low-contrast Three-phase X-ray Computed Tomography Images of Porous Media

1. Introduction

2. Anisotropic diffusion

3. Indicator kriging

4. Results and discussion

5. Conclusion

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

X-ray Imaging of Fluid Flow in Capillary Imbibition Experiments

1. Introduction

2. Description of the selected rocks and methodology

3. Comparison of capillary parameters and microstructural interpretation

4. Influence of mechanical compaction on capillary processes

5. Influence of stress-induced compaction bands

6. Conclusion

7. References

Evaluating the Influence of Wall-Roughness on Fracture Transmissivity with CT Scanning and Flow Simulations

1. Introduction

2. Conversion of CT data to CFD models

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

In Situ Permeability Measurements inside Compaction Bands Using X-ray CT and Lattice Boltzmann Calculations

1. Introduction

2. Material and methods

3. X-ray CT images and porosity measurements

4. Permeability measurements with lattice Boltzmann method

5. Conclusions and perspectives

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Evaluation of Porosity in Geomaterials Treated with Biogrout Considering Partial Volume Effect

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

3. Results

4. Evaluation of porosity

5. Conclusion

6. References

Image-Based Pore-Scale Modeling Using the Finite Element Method

1. Introduction

2. Pore-scale modeling techniques

3. Image-based FEM modeling

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

Numerical Modeling of Complex Porous Media For Borehole Applications

1. Introduction

2. Pore geometry and open issues for the carbonate

3. Numerical NMR relaxometry

4. Diffusion-Flow propagators

5. References

Characterization of Soil Erosion due to Infiltration into Capping Layers in Landfill

1. Introduction

2. Experimental overview

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusions

5. References

On Pore Space Partitioning in Relation to Network Model Building for Fluid Flow Computation in Porous Media

1. Introduction

2. Skeletonisation and digitisation artefacts

3. Graph and post-processing

4. Delimitation and validation

5. Conclusions

6. References

3D and Geometric Information of the Pore Structure in Pressurized Clastic Sandstone

1. Introduction

2. Inner pore structure and permeability of comparison Berea sandstone and Shirahama sandstone

3. Outline of the 3DMA method

4. Microfocus x-ray CT apparatus and geometric information of intact and stressed Shirahama sandstone

5. Conclusion

6. References

Evaluation of Pressure-dependent Permeability in Rock by Means of the Tracer-aided X-ray CT

1. Introduction

2. The tracer-aided water permeation test system

3. Theoretical consideration

4. Analysis of water flow upon the image processing

5. Estimation of the permeability of rock

6. Conclusions

7. References

Assessment of Time-Space Evolutions of Intertidal Flat Geo-Environments Using an Industrial X-ray CT Scanner

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

3. Results

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Neutron Imaging Methods in Geoscience

1. Introduction

2. Method

3. Comparing neutron and X-ray imaging

4. Applications

5. Neutron imaging world-wide

6. Summary

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

Progress Towards Neutron Tomography at the US Spallation Neutron Source

1. Introduction

2. Spallation Neutron Source and proposed VENUS tomography beamline

3. Acknowledgments

4. References

Synchrotron X-ray Micro-Tomography and Geological CO₂ Sequestration

1. Introduction

2. Description of beamline 8.3.2

3. Imaging of Frio sandstone

4. Imaging of CaCO₃ precipitation

5. Conclusions

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Residual CO₂ Saturation Distributions in Rock Samples Measured by X-ray CT

1. Introduction

2. Experiments

3. Results

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

X-ray CT Imaging of Coal for Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

3. Results

4. Conclusion

5. References

Comparison of X-ray CT and Discrete Element Method in the Evaluation of Tunnel Face Failure

1. Introduction

2. Methods

3. Comparison and discussion

4. Conclusion

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

Plugging Mechanism of Open-Ended Piles

1. Introduction

2. Visualization of the plugging phenomenon

3. Ground behavior around the pile toe

4. Deformation analysis using PIV

5. Expected plugging mechanism of open-ended piles

6. Conclusions

7. References

Development of a Bending Test Apparatus for Quasi-dynamical Evaluation of a Clayey Soil Using X-ray CT Image Analysis

1. Introduction

2. Experimental method

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusions

5. References

Author Index