60 Design of CMOS Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Integrated Circuits
Figure 3.1 8: Causality verification by Hilbert transformation: integer-
order T-lin e model S21.
Figure 3.19: Causality verification by Hilbert transformation:
fractional-order T-line mode l S21.
Steady State (PSS) analysis. But for the traditional integer-order RLCG T-
line model, the non-causal effect could have convergence issues. One way to
alleviate the causality issue of the integer-order RLCG T-line model is by
truncating the model data with the causality enforcement, but the accura cy
is lost in this way as discussed in Section 3.3.