Defining Leadership
by S. Trevis Certo, Samuel C. Certo
Modern Management: concepts and skills, 14/e
- Full-Circle Learning MyLab™: Learning Full Circle for Marketing, Management, Business Communication, Intro to Business, and MIS
- Modern Management concepts and skills
- Modern Management concepts and skills
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Preface
- About the Authors
- Part 1 Introduction to Modern Management
- 1 Introducing Modern Management Concepts and Skills
- Part 2 Modern Management Challenges
- 2 Managers, Society, and SustainabilityManagers, Society, and Sustainability
- Target Skill
- Fundamentals of Social Responsibility
- Social Responsiveness
- The Social Audit Challenge
- The Philanthropy Challenge
- The Sustainable Organization Challenge
- Managers and Ethics
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Endnotes
- 3 Management and Diversity
- Target Skill
- Defining Diversity
- Advantages of Diversity in Organizations
- Challenges that Managers Face in Working with Diverse Populations
- Strategies for Promoting Diversity in Organizations
- How Managers Promote Diversity
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Endnotes
- 4 Managing in the Global Arena
- Target Skill
- Fundamentals of International Management
- Categorizing Organizations by Level of International Involvement
- Multinational Corporations
- The Workforce of Multinational Corporations
- Management Functions and Multinational Corporations
- Transnational Organizations
- International Management: Special Issues
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Endnotes
- 2 Managers, Society, and SustainabilityManagers, Society, and Sustainability
- Part 3 Planning
- 5 Plans and Planning Tools
- Target Skill
- General Characteristics of Planning
- Types of Plans
- Steps in the Planning Process
- Organizational Objectives: Planning’s Foundation
- Management by Objectives (MBO)
- Planning Tools
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Endnotes
- 6 Making Decisions
- 7 Strategic Planning Strategies, Tactics, and Competitive Dynamics
- Target Skill
- Strategic Planning and Strategy
- Strategic Management Process
- Environmental Analysis
- Establishing Organizational Direction
- Strategy Formulation: Tools
- Strategy Implementation
- Strategic Control
- Tactical Planning
- Competitive Dynamics
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Endnotes
- 5 Plans and Planning Tools
- Part 4 Organizing
- 8 Fundamentals of Organizing
- 9 Responsibility, Authority, and Delegation
- 10 Human Resource Management
- 11 Changing Organizations Stress, Conflict, and Virtuality
- Target Skill
- Fundamentals of Changing an Organization
- Factors to Consider When Changing An Organization
- Change and Stress
- Change and Conflict45
- Virtuality
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Endnotes
- Part 5 Influencing
- 12 Influencing and Communication
- Target Skill
- Fundamentals of Influencing
- Emotional Intelligence
- Communication
- Interpersonal Communication
- How Interpersonal Communication Works
- Successful and Unsuccessful Interpersonal Communication
- Barriers to Successful Interpersonal Communication
- Feedback and Interpersonal Communication
- Gathering and Using Feedback
- Achieving Communication Effectiveness
- Verbal and Nonverbal Interpersonal Communication
- The Importance of Nonverbal Communication
- Interpersonal Communication
- Interpersonal Communication in Organizations
- Encouraging Organizational Communication
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Endnotes
- 13 Leadership
- Target Skill
- Defining Leadership
- Early Approaches to Leadership
- More Recent Approaches to Leadership
- A Special Situation: How Leaders Make Decisions
- Leaders Changing Organizations
- Leaders Coaching Others
- Leadership: Emerging Concepts for Modern Times
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Endnotes
- 14 Motivation
- Target Skill
- Defining Motivation
- Process Theories of Motivation
- Content Theories of Motivation: Human Needs
- Importance Of Motivating Organization Members
- Strategies for Motivating Organization Members
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management SkillS Exercises
- Endnotes
- 15 Groups and Teams
- Target Skill
- Groups
- Kinds of Groups in Organizations
- Managing Work Groups
- Teams
- Stages of Team Development
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Endnotes
- 16 Managing Organization Culture
- Target Skill
- Fundamentals of Organization Culture
- Functions of Organization Culture
- Types of Organization Culture
- Building A High-Performance Organization Culture
- Keeping Organization Culture Alive and Well
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Experiential Exercises Exploring the Values of New Recruits
- You and Your Career
- Building Your Management Skills Portfolio
- Skills Activities
- Endnotes
- 12 Influencing and Communication
- Part 6 Controlling
- 17 Controlling, Information, and Technology
- 18 Production and Control
- Target Skill
- Production and productivity
- Quality and Productivity
- Operations Management
- Operations Control
- Operations Control Tools
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Endnotes
- Appendix 1 Managing History and Current Thinking
- Target Skill
- The Classical Approach
- The Behavioral Approach
- The Management Science Approach
- The Contingency Approach
- The System Approach
- Learning Organization: A New Approach?
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Experiential Exercises
- Appendix 2 Management and Entrepreneurship: Handling Start-Ups and New Ventures
- Target Skill
- Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
- Types of Opportunities
- Opportunity Identification
- Opportunity Evaluation
- Opportunity Exploitation
- Financing Exploitation
- Corporate Entrepreneurship
- Social Entrepreneurship
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Experiential Exercises
- Appendix 3 Encouraging Creativity and Innovation
- Target Skill
- Creativity
- Creativity in Individuals
- Increasing Creativity in Organizations
- Innovation and Creativity
- The Innovation Process
- Catalyst for Creativity and Innovation: Total Quality Management
- The Quality Improvement Process
- Challenge Case Summary
- Developing Management Skill
- Class Preparation and Personal Study
- Management Skills Exercises
- Experiential Exercises
- Glossary
- Author Index
- Subject Index
Defining Leadership
Leadership is the process of directing the behavior of others toward the accomplishment of an objective. Directing, in this sense, means causing individuals to act in a certain way or to follow a particular course of action. Ideally, this course is perfectly consistent with such factors as established organizational policies, procedures, and job descriptions. The central theme of leadership is getting things accomplished through people.2
As indicated in Chapter 12, l eadership is one of the four main interdependent activities of the influencing subsystem and is accomplished, at least to some extent, by communicating with others. It is extremely important that managers have a thorough understanding of what leadership entails. Leadership has always been considered a prerequisite for organizational success; today, given the increased capability afforded by enhanced communication technology and the rise of international business, leadership is more important than ever before.3
Leader Versus Manager
Leading is not the same as managing. Many executives fail to grasp the difference between the two and therefore labor under a misapprehension about how to carry out their organizational duties. Although some managers are leaders and some leaders are managers, leading and managing are not identical activities.4 According to Theodore Levitt, management consists of:
the rational assessment of a situation and the systematic selection of goals and purposes (what is to be done); the systematic development of strategies to achieve these goals; the marshalling of the required resources; the rational design, organization, direction, and control of the activities required to attain the selected purposes; and, finally, the motivating and rewarding of people to do the work.5
Leadership, as one of the four primary activities of the influencing function, is a subset of management. Managing is much broader in scope than is leading and focuses on nonbehavioral as well as behavioral issues. In contrast, leading emphasizes mainly behavioral issues. Figure 13.1 makes the point that although not all managers are leaders, the most effective managers over the long term are leaders.
Figure 13.1 The most effective managers over the long term are also leaders
Merely possessing management skills is no longer sufficient for success as an executive in the business world. Modern executives need to understand the difference between managing and leading and know how to combine the two roles to achieve organizational success. A manager makes sure that a job gets done, and a leader cares about and focuses on the people who do the job. Combining management and leadership, therefore, requires demonstrating a calculated and logical focus on organizational processes (management) along with a genuine concern for workers as people (leadership).6
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