1. McDonald’s, “Investors: Company Profile,” http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com, accessed March 28, 2012; McDonald’s, “Our Company: Getting to Know Us,” http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com, accessed March 28, 2012; Julie Jargon, “How McDonald’s Hit the Spot,” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com, accessed December 13, 2011.

2. Julie Jargon, “How McDonald’s Hit the Spot”; Julie Jargon, “Asia Delivers for McDonald’s,” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com, accessed December 13, 2011; Elizabeth Gunnison, “The Surprisingly Good (and Bad) World of McDonald’s Menus,” Esquire, http://www.esquire.com, accessed October 20, 2011; David Saito-Chung, “McDonald’s Localizes Its Burger Recipe,” Investor’s Business Daily, Business & Company Resource Center, retrieved from http://galenet.galegroup.com.

3. Lisa Baertlein, “McDonald’s New CEO Thompson a Study in Contrasts,” Reuters, http://www.reuters.com, accessed March 26, 2012; Julie Jargon, “Can McDonald’s Keep Up the Pace?” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com, accessed March 22, 2012; Kate MacArthur, “Big Mac Changes CEO, Not Course,” Crain’s Chicago Business, http://www.chicagobusiness.com, accessed March 24, 2012.

4. For insights regarding ethical issues related to business opportunities in China, see: Davis A. Krueger, “Ethical Reflections on the Opportunities and Challenges for International Business in China,” Journal of Business Ethics 89 (November 2009): 145.

5. “Dossier: Telecommunications in Asia, Malaysia, Thailand,” International Business Newsletter (June 1993): 12.

6. Jean J. Boddewyn, Brian Toyne, and Zaida L Martinez, “The Meanings of International Management,” Management International Review 44, no. 2 (Second Quarter 2004): 195–212.

7. For a summary of recent developments in international management, see: Steve Werner, “Recent Developments in International Management Research: A Review of 20 Top Management Journals,” Journal of Management 28 (2002): 277.

8. Robert N. Lussier, Robert W. Baeder, and Joel Corman, “Measuring Global Practices: Global Strategic Planning Through Company Situational Analysis,” Business Horizons 37 (September/October 1994): 56–63. For a detailed look at Hitachi Maxell, a successful internationally managed company, see: Ray Moorcroft, “International Management in Action,” British Journal of Administrative Management (March/April 2001): 12–13.

9. Annie Gasparro, “Dominos Is Growing Internationally,” Wall Street Journal [Eastern edition], June 15, 2011.

10. Natasha Gural, “JP Morgan Goes Global with Corporate Banking,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com, accessed January 29, 2010.

11. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.

12. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.

13. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.

14. Mary Zellmer-Bruhn and Cristina Gibson, “Multinational Organizations Context: Implications for Team Learning and Performance,” Academy of Management Journal 49, no. 3 (June 2006): 501–518.

15. For additional information regarding various forms of organization based on international involvement, see: Arvind Phatak, International Dimensions of Management (Boston: Kent, 1993).

16. “Nu Horizons Electronics,” Fortune (June 13, 1994): 121. For an empirical study assessing the mobility of knowledge within a multinational corporation, see: Anil K. Gupta and Vijay Govindarajan, “Knowledge Flows within Multinational Corporations,” Strategic Management Journal 21, no. 4 (April 2000): 473–496.

17. “Arrow Electronics Acquires Nu Horizons Electronics,” The Street, 2010.

18. U.S. Department of Commerce, The Multinational Corporation: Studies on U.S. Foreign Investment (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office).

19. Benjamin Gomes-Casseres, “Group versus Group: How Alliance Networks Compete,” Harvard Business Review 72 (July/August 1994): 62–74.

20. Company website, http://www.brkelectronics.com, accessed May 2, 2010.

21. This section is based primarily on Richard D. Robinson, International Management (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1967), 3–5. For a focus on complexity related to differing ethical values of various societies, see: Paul F. Buller, John J. Kohls, and Kenneth S. Anderson, “When Ethics Collide: Managing Conflicts Across Cultures,” Organizational Dynamics 28, no. 4 (Spring 2000): 52–65.

22. Bloomberg News, “Lenovo’s Yang to End Losses at Motorola in Six Quarters,” February 25, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com; Kathy Bergen and Ameet Sachdev, “Lenovo’s Turnaround Challenge,” Chicago Tribune, sec. 2, February 2, 2014, 1, 4; “Here’s How Lenovo Plans Motorola Mobility Turnaround,” Crain’s Chicago Business, February 13, 2014, http://www.chicagobusiness.com; Gordon Kelly, “Lenovo Was Right to Buy Motorola—Just Look at ThinkPad,” Forbes, February 12, 2014, http://www.forbes.com.

23. 1971 Survey of National Foreign Trade Council, cited in Frederick D. Sturdivant, Business and Society: A Managerial Approach (Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, 1977), 425.

24. Barrie James, “Reducing the Risks of Globalization,” Long Range Planning 23 (February 1990): 80–88.

25. “NCR’s Standard Contract Clause,” Harvard Business Review 72 (May/June 1994): 125; for additional information on mediation, see: James C. Fruend, “Three’s a Crowd—How to Resolve a Knotty Multi-Party Dispute Through Mediation,” The Business Lawyer 64, no. 2 (February 2009): 359.

26. For a discussion of family adjustments as a major factor in expatriate failure, see: Sandra L. Fisher, Michael E. Wasserman, and Jennifer Palthe, “Management Practices for On-Site Consultants: Lessons Learned from the Expatriate Experience,” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 59, no. 1 (March 2007): 17.

27. For an interesting article discussing the work relationship between expatriates and host-country nationals, see: Charles M. Vance and Yongsun Paik, “Forms of Host-Country National Learning for Enhanced MNC Absorptive Capacity,” Journal of Managerial Psychology 20, no. 7 (2005): 590–606.

28. Jan Selmer, “Cross-Cultural Training and Expatriate Adjustment in China: Western Joint Venture Managers,” Personnel Review 34, no. 1 (2005): 68–84.

29. For a look at the challenges facing women expatriates, see: Babita Mathur-Helm, “Expatriate Women Managers: At the Crossroads of Success, Challenges and Career Goals,” Women in Management Journal 17 (2002): 18.

30. Brenda Paik Sunoo, “Loosening Up in Brazil,” Workforce 3 (May 1998): 8–9.

31. “Winebow Appointed as Exclusive U.S. Importer of Ceretto,” PR Newswire (January 30, 2013).

32. For a discussion of the challenges associated with cross-cultural work assignments and the competencies required to meet the challenges, see: Lynn S. Paine, “The China Rules,” Harvard Business Review (June 2010); Mansour Javidan, Mary Teagarden, and David Bowen, “Managing Yourself: Making It Overseas,” Harvard Business Review (April 2010).

33. For a review of the possible effects of repatriation, see: Margaret A. Shaffer, David Harrison, A. Black Stewart, and Lori Ferandi, “The Persistent Myth of High Expatriate Failure Rates: A Reappraisal,” Journal of Applied Psychology 9, no. 1 (January 2006): 109–135.

34. For an interesting discussion of repatriation in a Spanish context, see: Ma Eugenia Sánchez Vidal, Raquel Sanz Valle, and Ma Isabel Barba Aragón, “Analysis of the Repatriation Adjustment Process in the Spanish Context,” International Journal of Manpower 31, no. 1 (2010): 21.

35. David C. Martin and John J. Anthony, “The Repatriation and Retention of Employees: Factors Leading to Successful Programs,” International Journal of Management 23, no. 3 (September 2006): 620–631.

36. “Winebow Appointed as Exclusive U.S. Importer of Ceretto,” PR Newswire (January 30, 2013).

37. “Ford to Expand Exports from India as Demand Slows,” Mint [New Delhi], November 29, 2013.

38. G. Sam Samdani, “Mobil Develops a Way to Extract Hg from Gas Streams,” Chemical Engineering 102 (April 1995): 17.

39. Leonard Berkowitz, “Supreme Court Says You Can License and Sue,” Research Technology Management 50, no. 2 (March/April 2007): 9.

40. “Researchers Submit Patent Application, Novel Metallosilicates, Processes for Producing the Same, Nitrogen Oxide Removal Catalyst, Process for Producing the Same, and Method for Removing Nitrogen Oxide,” Journal of Transportation (September 8, 2012): 2821.

41. Robert Neff, “The Japanese Are Back—But There’s a Difference,” BusinessWeek, Industrial/Technology Edition (October 31, 1994): 58–59.

42. For insights on adding organizational value through international joint ventures, see: Iris Berdrow and Henry Lane, “International Joint Ventures: Creating Value through Successful Knowledge Management,” Journal of World Business 38 (2003): 15; see also: Lifeng Geng, “Ownership and International Joint Ventures’ Level of Expatriate Managers,” Journal of American Academy of Business 4 (2004): 75.

43. Shyam Sunder, “Uniform Financial Reporting Standards,” The CPA Journal 77, no. 4 (April 2007): 6, 8–9.

44. Francisco Granell, “The European Union’s Enlargement Negotiations with Austria, Finland, Norway, and Sweden,” Journal of Common Market Studies 33 (March 1995): 117–141; Jim Rollo, “EC Enlargement and the World Trade System,” European Economic Review 39 (April 1995): 467–473. For a history surrounding the formation of NAFTA, see: Richard N. Cooper, “The Making of NAFTA: How the Deal Was Done,” Foreign Affairs 80, no. 3 (May/June 2001): 136.

45. For an interesting article discussing how NAFTA countries settle disputes among themselves, see: John H. Knox, “The 2005 Activity of the NAFTA Tribunals,” The American Journal of International Law 100, no. 2 (April 2006): 429–442.

46. Jim Mele, “Mexico in ’95: From Good to Better,” Fleet Owner (January 1995): 56–60; William C. Symonds, “Meanwhile, to the North, NAFTA Is a Smash,” BusinessWeek (February 27, 1995): 66; Robert Selwitz, “NAFTA Expansion Possibilities,” Global Trade & Transportation (October 1994): 17.

47. For an interesting discussion of organizing to go global, see: Peter W. Liesch, Peter J. Buckley, Bernard L. Simonin, and Gary Knight, “Organizing the Modern Firm in the Worldwide Market for Market Transactions,” Management International Review 52, no. 1 (February 2012): 3–21.

48. Howard V. Perlmutter, “The Tortuous Evolution of the Multinational Corporation,” Columbia Journal of World Business (January/February 1969): 9–18; Rose Knotts, “Cross-Cultural Management: Transformations and Adaptations,” Business Horizons (January/February 1989): 29–33.

49. Yan Tian, “Communicating with Local Publics: A Case Study of Coca-Cola’s Chinese Web Site,” Corporate Communications 11, no. 1 (2006): 13–22.

50. Geert Hofstede, “Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: Do American Theories Apply Abroad?” Organizational Dynamics 9 (Summer 1980): 42–63; for an investigation of the relevance of Hofstede’s ideas in Jordan, see: Mahmud Alkailani, Islam A. Azzam, and Abdel Baset Athamneh, “Replicating Hofstede in Jordan: Ungeneralized, Reevaluating the Jordanian Culture,” International Business Research 5, no. 4 (April 2012): 71–80.

51. Geert Hofstede, Geert Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1980); Hofstede, Geert Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, 2nd ed. (London, England: Sage, 2001).

52. Wendy Tan and Beverly Kaye, “What’s Different about Engagement and Retention in Asia?” T+D (June 2013): 46–51; “In a New Work-Place, It Pays to First Study the Culture,” Hindu Business Line (Business Insights: Global), March 5, 2014, http://bi.galegroup.com; Ricoh, “Creating a Corporate Culture That Motivates Diverse Employees,” About Ricoh, http://www.ricoh.com, accessed March 10, 2014.

53. Vas Taras, Bradley L. Kirkman, and Piers Steel, “Examining the Impact of Culture’s Consequences: A Three-Decade, Multilevel, Meta-Analytic Review of Hofstede’s Cultural Value Dimensions,” Journal of Applied Psychology 95, no.3 (2010): 405–439.

54. Robert J. House, Paul J. Hanges, Mansour Javidan, and Peter Dorfman, Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004).

55. Jake Kanter, “Procurement at Kimberly-Clark Goes Global,” SupplyManagement.com, March 23, 2010, http://www.supplymanagement.com.

56. Walter Sweet, “International Firms Strive for Uniform Nets Abroad,” Network World (May 28, 1990): 35–36.

57. For further information about developing global organizations, see: Philip Harris, “European Challenge: Developing Global Organizations,” European Business Review 14 (2002): 416; see also: Jonathon Cummings, “Work Groups, Structural Diversity, and Knowledge Sharing in a Global Organization,” Management Science 50 (2004): 352.

58. To gain a feel for the broad range of activities occurring at a transnational company such as Nestlé, see: Joel Chernoff, “Advancing Corporate Governance in Europe,” Pensions & Investments (June 12, 1995): 3, 37; E. Guthrie McTigue and Andy Sears, “The Safety 80,” Global Finance (May 1995): 62–65; Robert W. Lear, “Whatever Happened to the Old-Fashioned Boss?” Chief Executive (April 1995): 71; Claudio Loderer and Andreas Jacobs, “The Nestlé Crash,” Journal of Financial Economics 37 (March 1995): 315–339.

59. Byeong-Seon Yoon, “Who Is Threatening Our Dinner Table? The Power of Transnational Agribusiness,” Monthly Review 58, no. 6 (November 2006): 56–64.

60. This section is mainly based on Thomas Donaldson, “Values in Tension: Ethics Away from Home,” Harvard Business Review 74, no. 5 (September/October 1996): 48–62.

61. Anabelle Perez, “Sports Apparel Goes to Washington: New Sweatshop,” Sporting Goods Business 30, no. 7 (May 12, 1997): 24.

62. Oxfam International, “Behind the Brands,” http://www.oxfam.org, accessed March 10, 2014; “How Ethical Are Our Food Companies?” CNN.com, February 26, 2014, http://edition.cnn.com; Emma Thomasson, “Food and Drink Industry Makes Progress on Development: Oxfam,” Reuters, February 25, 2014, http://www.reuters.com.

63. Edward M. Mervosh and John S. McClenahen, “The Care and Feeding of Expats,” Industry Week 246, no. 22 (December 1, 1977): 68–72.

64. Valerie Frazee, “Research Points to Weaknesses in Expat Policy,” Workforce 3, no. 1 (January 1998): 9.

65. A number of websites are now dedicated to the subject of expatriate life and provide different viewpoints through blogs, articles, reports, tips for pursuing the expatriate life, and more. Examples include Expat Exchange and Future Expats Forum.

66. For a different view of the long-term value expatriates bring to organizational performance, see Yulin Fang, Guo-Liang Frank Jiang, Shige Makino, and Paul W. Beamish, “Multinational Firm Knowledge, Use of Expatriates, and Foreign Subsidiary Performance,” Journal of Management Studies 47, no. 1 (January 2010): 27–54.

67. Muhtar Kent, “Thinking Outside the Bottle,” McKinsey & Company Insights and Publications, December 2013, http://www.mckinsey.com/insights; Coca-Cola Company, “Coca-Cola at a Glance,” Our Company, http://www.coca-colacompany.com, accessed March 10, 2014; Jay Moye, “20 Years Later: A Look Back at Coke’s Dramatic 1993 Return to India,” Coca-Cola Company: Stories, December 6, 2013, http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories; “Coca Cola Takes Earthy, Small Town Route; Gets Farhan and Deepika to Open ‘Small Joys,’” Campaign India, February 28, 2014, http://www.campaignindia.in; Amy Kazmin, “Coke Bottles Go Unfilled in Central India,” Financial Times, February 2, 2014, http://www.ft.com; Agence France-Presse, “Indian Authorities Threaten to Demolish Coca-Cola Plant,” Industry Week, January 24, 2014, http://www.industryweek.com; Coral Davenport, “Industry Awakens to Threat of Climate Change,” New York Times, January 23, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com; Siddharth Cavale, “Coke Revenue Misses Estimates as Soda Sales Slow,” Reuters, February 18, 2014, http://www.reuters.com.

68. Min-Huei Chien, “A Study of Cross Culture Human Resource Management in China,” The Business Review 6, no. 2 (December 2006): 231–237.

69. Michael Backman, Asian Eclipse: Exposing the Dark Side of Business in Asia (New York: John Wiley Publishers, 2001), 78.