Data analysis, 399, 401

Data contamination, 401

Data cost, 402–403

Decentralization, 208–211, 214–215

Decision styles, 303

• autocratic, 302

• consultative, 302

• group-focused, 302

Decision trees, 142–143

• analysis, 436

• model, 142f

Decision-focused theory of leadership, 299–302, 310–311

Decision-making

• bias, 140, 140t

• challenge case, 132, 146–147

• choice of alternatives, 136–138, 138f, 139

• consensus, 135

• defined, 133

• Delphi method, 145

• exclusion, 138

• exploitative orientations, 136

• goals of, 136

• group, 143

• heuristics, 140

• hoarding orientations, 136

• inclusion, 138

• information and, 399–401

• intuition, 140

• manager confidence in subordinates, 300

• manager values, 300

• managerial responsibility for, 135, 135f, 300–301

• marketing-oriented, 136

• model, 133t, 134f, 137f

• nonprogrammed decisions, 133–134

• paradox of choice, 138

• personal leadership, 301

• problem identification, 137

• programmed decisions, 133–134

• rational, 136, 140

• receptive orientations, 135

• relevant alternatives, 136

• risk and, 141

• scope of, 134

• solutions, 137

• tolerance for ambiguity, 301

• uncertainty, 141

Decision-making tools

• decision trees, 142–143

• probability theory, 141–142

Delegation, 206, 212–213

• continuum of, 209f

• frame of mind, as a, 211

• guidelines, 207t

• obstacles to, 207–208

• steps in, 207

Delphi method, 118

• decision-making, 145

• Deming award, 497

Demographics, 56–57

• general environment, 156–157

• population, 56f, 80

Departmentalization, 184

• advantages of, 185t

• customer-based, 187, 187f, 188

• disadvantages of, 185t

• function-based, 185, 185f

• geography-based, 186, 187f

• matrix, by, 188, 188f, 189

• product-based, 186, 186f

Developing (innovation), 493–494

Differentiation, 164

Diffusing (innovation), 494

Direct investing, 88

Direct sales home party approach, 126–127

Directive behavior, 298

Disabled workers, 61

Discrimination, 54, 58

• glass ceiling, 59

Diverse workforce

• advantages of, 53–55, 55t

• challenges of, 56, 70

• commitment to, 63–65, 71

• creativity, 489

• cultural differences, 94

• demographics, 56

• equal opportunity legislation, 225–226

• ethnocentrism, 57

• innovation, 55

• management quality, 55

• managing, 69–70, 70t

• pluralism and, 65

• productivity, 55

• promoting, 61–62

• training programs, 67–68, 71, 73

Diversity

• challenge case, 52, 71

• controlling, 68

• cultural, 61

• defined, 53

• influencing, 67–68

• majority groups, 53

• minority groups, 53

• organizing, 67

• planning, 67

• social, 53

Diversity dimension of organization culture, 377

Diversity training, 67–69, 71, 73

Divestiture, 165

Division of labor, 179–180, 450

Domain definition, 475

Domestic organizations, 82

Dominant organization culture, 369

Dual-career couples, 16, 18