Labor force. See Workforce

Law of small numbers, 472

Layout strategy

• defined, 425

• fixed-position layout, 425

• group technology layout, 425

• patterns, 426f

• process (functional) layout, 425

• product layout, 425

Leadership, 291, 291f

• authentic, 308

• behavior, 292, 299f, 300

• challenge case, 290, 310–311

• characteristics of, 306f

• charismatic, 292

• coaching, 304–306

• consideration behavior, 293

• contingency theory, 296–298

• cultural differences, 294

• decision-focused theory, 299–302, 310–311

• defined, 291

• effective, 297, 297f

• employee-centered behavior, 293

• ethics and, 306

• flexibility, 296

• job-centered behavior, 293

• Level 5, 308–309

• life cycle theory, 295–296, 310

• Michigan studies, 292

• OSU studies, 292

• path-goal theory, 298–299, 310

• personnel cuts, 306

• Pygmalion effect, 293

• servant, 306–307

• situational approach, 294–296, 310

• structure behavior, 292

• styles, 293, 293f, 294

• training programs, 52

• trait approach, 292

• transformational, 303–304

• trust in, 282, 306

Learning organization approach to management, 458–459

Learning organizations

• challenging mental models, 459

• defined, 458

• personal mastery, 459

• shared vision, 459

• systems thinking, 458

• team learning, 459

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), 37

Level 5 leadership

• hierarchy, 309f

• organizational greatness, 308

• personal humility, 308

• professional will, 308

License agreements, 87

Life cycle theory of leadership, 310

• applying, 295–296

• follower maturity, 295

• leader relationship behavior, 295

• leader task behavior, 295

• model, 295f

Likert’s management systems, 327, 332–334, 336

Line authority, 203

Line-staff relationships, 204

• conflict, 205

• model, 204f

Listening, 282

• advantages of, 281f

• servant leaders, 307

Listening Campaign, 282

Location strategy, 423–424

Lower-level management analysis, 446

• defined, 447

• motion-study techniques, 448–449

• scientific management and, 447, 450