refers to the management philosophy whereby individuals are held liable, or accountable, for how well they use their authority and live up to their responsibility of performing predetermined activities.

is aimed at setting challenging goals for followers to reach and expressing and demonstrating confidence that they will measure up to the challenge.

is a specified set of behavior within a project.

is an organizational culture characterized by flexibility and discretion along with an external focus.

the fifth and last stage of the team development process, is the stage in which the team finishes its job and prepares to disband.

is an organizational program whose basic purpose is to eliminate barriers against and increase employment opportunities for underutilized or disadvantaged individuals.

is an explanation of human needs that divides them into three basic types: existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs.

is the ability to provide the organizational resources necessary to implement a strategy.

are wealthy individuals who provide capital to new companies.

are the individuals within the organization who make valuable contributions to management system goal attainment.

is a concept that furnishes insights into human needs by focusing on an individual’s natural progress from immaturity to maturity.

is a program in which participants engage in, and are evaluated on, a number of individual and group exercises constructed to simulate important activities at the organizational levels to which they aspire.

is the right to perform or command.

is the replacement of human effort by electromechanical devices.

is a conflict management technique whereby managers simply ignore the conflict.

occurs when an entrepreneur obtains financing from a financial institution in the form of a loan.

is a program that focuses on encouraging appropriate behavior by controlling the consequences of that behavior.

is a management approach that emphasizes increasing production through an understanding of people.

refers to departures from rational theory that produce suboptimal decisions.

is stress resulting from having to cope with membership in two cultures simultaneously.

refers to the fact that managers are bounded in terms of time, computational power, and knowledge when making decisions.

is a group decision-making process in which negative feedback on any suggested alternative to any group member is forbidden until all group members have presented alternatives that they perceive as valuable.

is the process of generating information that summarizes various levels of profit or loss associated with various levels of production.

is that level of production where the total revenue of an organization equals its total costs.

is a control tool that outlines how funds in a given period will be spent, as well as how they will be obtained.

is the term Max Weber used to describe a management system characterized by detailed procedures and rules, a clearly outlined organizational hierarchy, and impersonal relationships among organization members.

is an organizational strategy formulation technique that is based on the philosophy that organizations should develop strategy much as they handle investment portfolios.

refers to the power that customers have over the firms operating in an industry; as buyer power increases, the attractiveness of the industry decreases.

is an operational plan of action aimed at providing an organization with the right facilities to produce the needed output at the right time.

is a sequence of work-related positions occupied by a person over the course of a lifetime.

is a period of little or no apparent progress in the growth of a career.

is an SBU that has a large share of a market that is growing only slightly.

refers to the situation in which a minimal number of job activities and a minimal amount of authority are delegated to subordinates.

is an individual inside or outside the organization who tries to modify the existing organizational situation.

are management efforts aimed at modifying organizational components.

is the process of modifying an existing organization to increase organizational effectiveness.

is an organization culture characterized by a strong internal focus with a high degree of flexibility and discretion.

is a management approach that emphasizes organizational efficiency to increase organizational success.

is one that is not influenced by, and does not interact with, its environment.

is leadership that instructs followers on how to meet the special organizational challenges they face.

is a document that reflects the core values of an organization and suggests how organization members should act in relation to those values.

is a formal statement that acts as a guide for making decisions and acting within an organization.

is a formal group that is outlined in the chain of command on an organization chart. Command groups typically handle routine activities.

involves individuals or corporations that pursue entrepreneurial opportunities for the purposes of generating sales and profits.

is a management guideline that advises managers to commit funds for planning only if they can anticipate, in the foreseeable future, a return on planning expenses as a result of long-range planning analysis.

is a task group that is charged with performing some type of specific activity.

is the process of sharing information with other individuals.

are factors hindering successful communication that relate primarily to the communication environment and to the larger world in which communication takes place.

is a factor hindering successful communication that relates primarily to such variables as the communication message, the source, and the destination.

refers to the process by which firms undertake strategic and tactical actions and how competitors respond to these actions.

refers to how mindful a company is of its competitor’s actions.

refers to a firm’s ability to undertake an action.

refers to the incentives that an organization has to take action.

means the parties to the conflict settle on a solution that gives both of them part of what they wanted.

is a computerized technique for designing new products or modifying existing ones.

is a technique that employs computers to plan and program equipment used in the production and inspection of manufactured items.

are skills involving the ability to see the organization as a whole.

is defined as a struggle that results from opposing needs or feelings between two or more people.

is an agreement on a decision by all the individuals involved in making that decision.

is leadership behavior that reflects friendship, mutual trust, respect, and warmth in the relationship between leader and followers.

is an explanation of motivation that emphasizes people’s internal characteristics.

is a management approach emphasizing that what managers do in practice depends on a given set of circumstances—a situation.

is a leadership concept that hypothesizes that, in any given leadership situation, success is determined primarily by (1) the degree to which the task being performed by the followers is structured, (2) the degree of position power possessed by the leader, and (3) the type of relationship that exists between the leader and the followers.

entails ensuring that an event occurs as it was planned to occur.

is a specific procedure or technique that presents pertinent organizational information in a way that helps managers to develop and implement an appropriate control strategy.

is the process managers go through to control. It is “a systematic effort . . . to compare performance to predetermined standards, plans, or objectives to determine whether performance is in line with these standards” or needs to be corrected.

is the orderly arrangement of group effort to provide unity of action in the pursuit of a common purpose. It involves encouraging the completion of individual portions of a task in an appropriate, synchronized order.

is the process in which an individual or group of individuals in an existing corporation creates a new organization or instigates renewal or innovation within that corporation.

is managerial activity aimed at bringing organizational performance up to the level of performance standards.

is a strategy that focuses on making an organization more competitive by its producing products more cheaply than competitors can.

is the ability to generate original ideas or new perspectives on existing ideas.

is the sequence of events and activities within a program evaluation and review technique (PERT) network that requires the longest period of time to complete.

is a strategy development tool that consists of answering basic questions about the present purposes and objectives of the organization, its present direction and environment, and actions that can be taken to achieve organizational objectives in the future.

is an organizational team composed of people from different functional areas of the organization who are all focused on a specified objective.

is a dimension of an organization that helps to describe and reinforce the culture—or the beliefs, values, and norms—in which an artifact exists.

is the set of characteristics of a given group of people and their environment.

is a facet of organization culture that focuses on catering to the needs of those individuals who buy goods or services the organization produces.

are facts or statistics.

refers to the situation in which a significant number of job activities and a maximum amount of authority are delegated to subordinates.

is a choice made between two or more available alternatives.

is a graphic decision-making tool typically used to evaluate decisions involving a series of steps.

is a statistical and graphical, multiphased decision-making technique that contains a series of steps showing the sequence and interdependence of decisions.

is the fourth and last stage in career evolution; it occurs near retirement age, when individuals of about 65 years of age show declining productivity.

is the person or persons in the interpersonal communication situation with whom the source is attempting to share information.

is the process of assigning job activities and related authority to specific individuals within the organization.

is a group decision-making process that involves circulating questionnaires on a specific problem among group members, sharing the questionnaire results with them, and then continuing to recirculate and refine individual responses until a consensus regarding the problem is reached.

are statistical characteristics of a population.

is a unique group of resources established by management to perform some organizational task.

is the process of establishing departments within the management system.

is that step of the innovation process that makes a new idea practical.

is a strategy that focuses on making an organization more competitive by its developing a product or products that customers perceive as being different from products offered by competitors.

is that step of the innovation process that puts a new idea to use by end users or customers.

is using the assets of one company to purchase the operating assets of another company.

is aimed at telling followers what to do and how to do it.

is the act of treating an issue, person, or behavior unjustly or inequitably on the basis of stereotypes or prejudices.

refers to characteristics of individuals that shape their identities and the experiences they have in society. Major areas of diversity are gender, race, ethnicity, religion, social class, physical ability, sexual orientation, and age.

is a component of organization culture that encourages the existence of basic human differences among organization members.

is a learning process designed to raise managers’ awareness and develop their competencies to deal with the issues endemic to managing a diverse workforce.

is a strategy adopted to eliminate a strategic business unit that is not generating a satisfactory amount of business and has little hope of doing so in the near future.

is the assignment of various portions of a particular task among a number of organization members. Division of labor calls for specialization.

 is an SBU that has a relatively small share of a low-growth market.

occurs when a firm proactively seeks to create a new product market position that competitors have not recognized.

is an organization that essentially operates within a single country.

is the shared values about organizational functioning held by the majority of organization members.

refers to the resources (i.e., money, relationships, etc.) that the entrepreneur could lose if the opportunity does not succeed.

is the science that focuses on understanding how people of a particular community or nation produce, distribute, and use various goods and services.

is the degree to which managers attain organizational objectives; it is “doing the right things.”

is the degree to which organizational resources contribute to production; it is “doing things right.”

is the capacity of people to recognize their own feelings and the feelings of others, to motivate themselves, and to manage their own emotions as well as their emotions in relationships with others.

is leader behavior that focuses primarily on subordinates as people.

is an individual who identifies, evaluates, and exploits opportunities.

refers to an individual’s ability to notice and be sensitive to new information about objects, incidents, and patterns of behavior in the environment.

is an occasion to bring into existence new products and services that allow outputs to be sold at a price greater than their cost of production.

is the likelihood and magnitude of the opportunity’s downside loss.

refers to the identification, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities.

is the study of the organizational environment to pinpoint environmental factors that can significantly influence organizational operations.

is a measure of the usage of environmental resources. The greater the amount of resources consumed by an organization, the greater the organization’s footprint.

is an agency established to enforce federal laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, disability, sexual orientation, national origin, and genetic information in recruitment, hiring, firing, layoffs, and all other employment practices.

is an explanation of motivation that emphasizes the individual’s perceived fairness of an employment situation and how perceived inequities can cause certain behaviors.

is the second stage in career evolution; individuals of about 25 to 45 years of age typically start to become more productive, or higher performers.

is Maslow’s fourth set of human needs, which includes the desires for self-respect and respect from others.

is the capacity to reflect on values in the corporate decisionmaking process, to determine how these values and decisions affect various stakeholder groups, and to establish how managers can use these observations in day-to-day company management.

is a facet of organization culture that focuses on making sure that an organization emphasizes not only what is good for the organization but also what is good for other human beings.

reflects the belief that multinational corporations should regard home-country management practices as superior to foreign-country management practices.

is the belief that one’s own group, culture, country, or customs are superior to those of others.

is an international market agreement established in 1994 dedicated to facilitating trade among member nations.

is a completion of major project tasks.

occurs when individuals exclude the least desirable alternatives from a larger set of alternatives.

is the need for physical well-being.

is an organization member who lives and works in a country where he or she does not have citizenship.

is the measurement of the anticipated value of some event, determined by multiplying the income an event would produce by its probability of producing that income (EV = I × P).

refers to the activities and investments that are committed to gain returns from the new product or service arising from an opportunity.

is the first stage in career evolution; it occurs at the beginning of a career, when the individual is typically 15 to 25 years of age, and it is characterized by self-analysis and the exploration of different types of available jobs.

is selling goods or services to another country.

is a reward that is extraneous to the task accomplished.

is analysis that helps entrepreneurs understand whether an idea is practical.

is, in the interpersonal communication situation, the destination’s reaction to a message.

outlines the primary forces that determine competitiveness within an industry and illustrates how those forces are related; perhaps the best-known tool for industry analysis, it was developed by internationally acclaimed strategic management expert Michael E. Porter.

is an expense incurred by the organization regardless of the number of products produced.

is a layout plan in which the product is stationary while resources flow. It is appropriate for organizations involved in a large number of different tasks that require low volumes, multipurpose equipment, and broad employee skills.

is a program that allows workers to complete their jobs within a workweek of a normal number of hours that they schedule themselves.

is a strategy that emphasizes making an organization more competitive by targeting a particular customer.

is a technique for managing conflict in which managers use their authority to declare that conflict is ended.

is a planning tool used to predict future environmental happenings that will influence the operation of the organization.

is a group that exists within an organization by virtue of management decree to perform tasks that enhance the attainment of organizational objectives.

is organizational communication that follows the lines of the organization chart.

is defined as the relationships among organizational resources as outlined by management.

is the first stage of the team development process, during which members of the newly formed team become oriented to the team and acquainted with one another as they explore issues related to their new job situation.

is an informal group that forms in organizations because of the personal affiliation members have with one another.

consists of the right to give orders within a segment of the management system in which this right is normally nonexistent.

is a method for dividing job activities in an organization.

is a scheduling tool composed of a bar chart with time on the horizontal axis and the resource to be scheduled on the vertical axis. It is used for scheduling resources.

are perceptions about people based on what our society believes are appropriate behaviors for men and women.

is the level of an organization’s external environment that contains components normally having broad, long-term implications for managing the organization; its components are economic, social, political, legal, and technological.

reflects the belief that the overall quality of management recommendations, rather than the location of managers, should determine the acceptability of management practices used to guide multinational corporations.

is a manager who is committed to building an organization’s local community and environment as a vital part of managing.

is a formula that makes the spanof-management point that as the number of a manager’s subordinates increases arithmetically, the number of possible relationships between the manager and the subordinates increases geometrically.

is the network of informal organizational communication.

is a commonly used organization development technique based on a theoretical model called the managerial grid.

is “any number of people who (1) interact with one another, (2) are psychologically aware of one another, and (3) perceive themselves to be a group.”

is the mode of thinking that group members engage in when the desire for agreement so dominates the group that it overrides the need to realistically appraise alternative solutions.

is a strategy adopted by management to increase the amount of business that a strategic business unit is currently generating.

is the need for continuing personal growth and development.

is an organization culture that facilitates the achievement of the organization’s mission and objectives.

are simple rules of thumb used to make decisions.

is an organization culture characterized by an internal focus along with an emphasis on stability and control.

of an organization refers to the extent to which firms use lateral subdivisions or specialties within the organization.

is the country in which an investment is made by a foreign company.

is an organization member who is a citizen of the country in which the facility of a foreign-based organization is located.

is a people-oriented approach to management in which the interaction of people in organizations is studied to judge its impact on organizational success.

is the ability to work with people in a way that enhances organizational success.

is information about the characteristics of organization members; the focus is on past performance and future potential, and the objective is to keep management up to date about the possibilities for filling a position from within.

is an operational plan to use an organization’s human resources effectively and efficiently while maintaining or improving the quality of work life.

are skills involving the ability to build cooperation within the team being led.

are items that influence the degree of job dissatisfaction.

exists when entrepreneurs overestimate the extent to which they can control the outcome of an opportunity.

is buying goods or services from another country.

occurs when individuals choose a smaller set of the most desirable alternatives from a larger set of alternatives.

is the level of an organization’s external environment that contains components normally having relatively specific and immediate implications for managing the organization.

is the process of guiding the activities of organization members in appropriate directions.

is a collection of individuals whose common work experiences result in the development of a system of interpersonal relations that extend beyond those established by management.

is organizational communication that does not follow the lines of the organization chart.

is defined as the patterns of relationships that develop because of the informal activities of organization members.

is the set of conclusions derived from data analysis.

is the degree to which information is relevant to the decision-making situation the manager faces.

refers to the fact that individuals vary in terms of the information to which they have access.

is the degree to which information represents reality.

is the amount of decision-related information a manager possesses.

is a network of applications established within an organization to provide managers with the information that will assist them in decision making. An IS gets information to where it is needed.

is technology that focuses on the use of information in the performance of work.

is the extent to which the receipt of information allows decisions to be made and action to be taken so that the organization can gain some benefit from possessing the information.

is the process of applying a new idea to the improvement of organizational processes, products, or services.

is an aspect of organization culture that encourages the application of new ideas to improve organization processes, products, or services.

is defined as the steps managers take to implement creative ideas.

is that step of the innovation process that establishes an invention as a permanent part of the organization.

refers to the intensity of competition among the organizations in an industry; as the intensity of rivalry increases, the attractiveness of the industry decreases.

is the ability to manage people during implementation.

is an informal group that gains and maintains membership primarily because of a common concern members have about a specific issue.

is the level of an organization’s environment that exists inside the organization and normally has immediate and specific implications for managing the organization.

is a partnership formed between a company in one country and a company in another country for the purpose of pursuing some mutually desirable business undertaking.

is the performance of management activities across national borders.

is an arrangement among a cluster of countries that facilitates a high level of trade among these countries.

is an organization based primarily within a single country but having continuing, meaningful transactions in other countries.

is a reward that comes directly from performing a task.

refers to an individual’s inborn ability to synthesize information quickly and effectively.

is that step of the innovation process that establishes a new idea that could help the organization be more successful.

is a technique commonly used to gain an understanding of what a task entails and the type of individual who should be hired to perform that task.

is leader behavior that focuses primarily on the work a subordinate is doing.

is a list of specific activities that must be performed to accomplish some task or job.

is an operational plan that determines who will do a specific job and how and where the job will be done.

is the process of increasing the number of operations an individual performs in order to enhance the individual’s satisfaction with work.

is the process of incorporating motivators into a job situation.

is the process of moving workers from one job to another rather than requiring them to perform only one simple and specialized job over the long term.

is the characteristics of the individual who should be hired to perform a specific task or job.

is a method of predicting future sales levels primarily by asking appropriate managers to give their opinions on what will happen to sales in the future.

is a technique for reducing inventories to a minimum by arranging for production components to be delivered to the production facility “just in time” for them to be used.

is an operational plan for hiring the right employees for a job and training them to be productive.

refers to individuals relying on small samples of information to guide their decisions.

is the overall arrangement of equipment, work areas, service areas, and storage areas within a facility that produces goods or provides services.

is an operational plan that determines the location and flow of organizational resources around, into, and within production and service facilities.

is the idea that successful leaders must change their leadership styles as they encounter different situations.

is the degree to which the leader feels accepted by the followers.

is the process of directing the behavior of others toward the accomplishment of objectives.

is the behavior a leader exhibits while guiding organization members in appropriate directions.

is an organization that does well in creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge and in modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge.

is primarily a one-way communication situation in which an instructor trains an individual or group by orally presenting information.

is an ecology-oriented certification program that rates the ecology impact of buildings of all types.

is an approach to leadership that blends personal humility with an intense will to build long-range organizational success.

is a right granted by one company to another to use its brand name, technology, product specifications, and so on, in the manufacture or sale of goods and services.

is a leadership concept that hypothesizes that leadership styles should reflect primarily the maturity level of the followers.

consists of the right to make decisions and to give orders concerning the production-, sales-, or finance-related behavior of subordinates.

is an operational plan of action that provides an organization with a competitive location for its headquarters, manufacturing, services, and distribution activities.

is the amount of the total costs of producing a product that exceeds the total revenue gained from selling the product.

is the third stage in career evolution; individuals of about 45 to 65 years of age show either increased performance (career growth), stabilized performance (career maintenance), or decreased performance (career stagnation).

refers to that group of people in the organization who hold most of the positions that command decision-making power, control of resources and information, and access to system rewards.

is the process of reaching organizational goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources.

is a control tool that allows only significant deviations between planned and actual performance to be brought to a manager’s attention.

are activities that make up the management process. The four basic management activities are planning, organizing, influencing, and controlling.

is a form used in compiling a human resource inventory. It contains the organizational history of an individual and indicates how that individual might be used in the organization in the future.

is a form used in compiling a human resource inventory. It is people oriented and presents a composite view of the individuals management considers significant to human resource planning.

is a tool that is used to clarify the responsibilities of various managers in the organization.

is a management approach that emphasizes the use of the scientific method and mathematical techniques to solve operational problems.

is the ability to carry out the process of reaching organizational goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources.

is composed of a number of parts that function interdependently to achieve a purpose; its main parts are organizational input, organizational process, and organizational output.

refers to management’s use of organizational resources in meeting organizational goals.

is the proportion of total organizational resources used during the production process.

is a theoretical model based on the premise that concern for people and concern for production are the two primary attitudes that influence management style.

is an organization culture that reflects values that emphasize stability and control along with an external focus.

is an operational activity that determines the flow of materials from vendors through an operations system to customers.

is an explanation of human needs that focuses on the desires for achievement, power, and affiliation that people develop as a result of their life experiences.

is a formal organizational structure.

is encoded information that the source intends to share with others.

refers to stimuli that compete with the communication message for the attention of the destination.

refers to that group of people in the organization who are fewer in number than the majority group or who lack critical power, resources, acceptance, or social status.

is a written document developed by management, normally based on input by managers as well as nonmanagers, that describes and explains what the mission of an organization actually is.

is that step of the innovation process in which a newly implemented idea is tracked to determine if and when the idea should be improved or terminated.

is the ability to use information to determine whether a problem has arisen that is blocking strategy implementation.

is the strength to take actions that are consistent with moral beliefs despite pressures, either inside or outside of the organization, to do otherwise.

finds the best way to accomplish a task by reducing each job to the most basic movements possible.

are operational tools that are used to improve productivity.

are items that influence the degree of job satisfaction.

is the inner state that causes an individual to behave in a way that ensures the accomplishment of some goal.

is an individual’s degree of desire to perform a behavior.

utilizes historical data to predict future sales levels.

is a company that has significant operations in more than one country.

is the desire to do something better or more efficiently than it has ever been done before.

is the desire to maintain close, friendly, personal relationships.

is the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for others.

is a motivation model that hypothesizes that felt needs cause human behavior.

is a reward that consists of the elimination of an undesirable consequence of behavior.

is a group decision-making process in which every group member is assured of equal participation in making the group decision. After each member writes down individual ideas and presents them orally to the group, the entire group discusses all the ideas and then votes for the best idea in a secret ballot.

is typically a one-shot decision that is usually less structured than programmed decisions.

is the sharing of information without using words.

the third stage of the team development process, is characterized by agreement among team members on roles, rules, and acceptable behavior while working on the team.

is an international market agreement aimed at facilitating trade among member nations.

is a training technique that blends job-related knowledge with experience in using that knowledge on the job.

is one that is influenced by, and is continually interacting with, its environment.

is making sure that operations activities are carried out as planned.

is performance of managerial activities entailed in selecting, designing, operating, controlling, and updating production systems.

is a less formal organizational structure and represents loosely coupled networks of workers.

is a graphic illustration of organizational structure.

is a set of values that organization members share regarding the functioning and existence of their organization.

is the process that emphasizes changing an organization by changing organization members and bases these changes on an overview of structure, technology, and all other organizational components.

is a mini-culture within an organization that can reflect the values and beliefs of a specific segment of the organization that is formed along lines such as established departments or geographic regions.

is a formal activity conducted on important organizational occasions.

can be defined as the dedication of organization members to uphold the values of the organization and to make worthwhile contributions to fulfilling the organizational purpose.

is interpersonal communication within organizations that directly relates to the goals, functions, and structure of human organizations.

is the purpose for which, or the reason why, an organization exists.

is a popular belief or story that has become associated with a person or institution and is considered to illustrate an organization culture ideal.

is the target toward which the open management system is directed. It flows from the organization’s mission.

is what the organization exists to do, given a particular group of customers and customer needs.

involves improving a firm’s ability to execute strategies and focuses on new processes instead of new products.

are all assets available for activation during the production process; they include human resources, monetary resources, raw materials resources, and capital resources.

is a narrative describing the adventures of a heroic individual or family significantly linked to an organization’s past or present.

is the process by which management can appropriately integrate new employees into the organization’s culture.

is the act of passing along organizational myths and sagas to other organization members.

is an object that has meaning beyond its intrinsic content.

is the process of establishing orderly uses for resources within the management system.

is the ability to create throughout the organization a network of people who can help solve implementation problems as they occur.

refers to a situation in which more than one individual is responsible for the same activity.

is having too many alternatives, which may actually demotivate decision makers, which harms decision making.

is the company investing in international operations.

is aimed at seeking suggestions from followers regarding business operations to the extent that followers are involved in making important organizational decisions.

is a theory of leadership that suggests that the primary activities of a leader are to make desirable and achievable rewards available to organization members who attain organizational goals and to clarify the kinds of behavior that must be performed to earn those rewards.

increasing organizational effectiveness by changing certain characteristics of organization members such as their attitudes and leadership skills.

are attitudes, leadership skills, communication skills, and all other characteristics of the organization’s employees.

are management efforts aimed at managing people in organizations.

is an individual’s interpretation of a message.

is the process of reviewing individuals’ past productive activities to evaluate the contributions they have made toward attaining management system objectives.

the fourth stage of the team development process, is characterized by a focus on solving organizational problems and meeting assigned challenges.

means being modest or unassuming when it comes to citing personal accomplishments.

is power derived from a manager’s relationships with others.

promotes the welfare of others through generous monetary donations to social causes.

is Maslow’s first set of human needs for the normal functioning of the body, including the desires for water, food, rest, sex, and air.

is the process of determining how the organization can get where it wants to go and what it will do to accomplish its objectives.

are techniques managers can use to help develop plans.

refers to an environment in which differences are acknowledged, accepted, and viewed as significant contributors to the entirety.

is a standing plan that furnishes broad guidelines for taking action consistent with reaching organizational objectives.

reflects the belief that because foreign managers are closer to foreign organizational units, they probably understand them better, and therefore foreign management practices should generally be viewed as more insightful than home-country management practices.

is a motivation theory that hypothesizes that felt needs cause human behavior and that motivation strength is determined primarily by the perceived value of the result of performing the behavior and the perceived probability that the behavior performed will cause the result to materialize.

is determined by the extent to which the leader has control over the rewards and punishments followers receive; is power derived from the organizational position a manager holds.

is used in compiling a human resource inventory. It summarizes information about organization members who could fill a position should it open up.

is a reward that consists of a desirable consequence of behavior.

is the extent to which an individual is able to influence others so that they respond to orders.

is a preconceived judgment, opinion, or assumption about an issue, behavior, or group of people.

is a decision-making tool used in risk situations—situations in which decision makers are not completely sure of the outcome of an implemented alternative.

is any factor within an organization that is a barrier to organizational goal attainment.

is an organizational team set up to help eliminate a specified problem within the organization.

is a standing plan that outlines a series of related actions that must be taken to accomplish a particular task.

is a technique that assists in monitoring production processes.

is a layout pattern based primarily on grouping together similar types of equipment.

is an operational plan of action outlining the means and methods an organization will use to transform resources into goods and services.

is an explanation of motivation that emphasizes how individuals are motivated.

is a layout designed to accommodate a limited number of different products that require high volumes, highly specialized equipment, and narrow employee skills.

is made up of the five stages through which most products and services pass: introduction, growth, maturity, saturation, and decline.

predicts future sales by using the product life cycle to better understand the history and future of a product.

is an operational plan of action outlining which goods and services an organization will produce and market.

is the transformation of organizational resources into products.

is the relationship between the total amount of goods or services being produced (output) and the organizational resources needed to produce them (input).

is a strong and unwavering commitment to do whatever is necessary to build long-term company success.

is the amount of total revenue that exceeds the total costs of producing the products sold.

is a single-use plan that is designed to carry out a special project within an organization that, if accomplished, will contribute to the organization’s long-term success.

is a scheduling tool that is essentially a network of project activities showing estimates of time necessary to complete each activity and the sequence of activities that must be followed to complete the project.

is a decision that is routine and repetitive and that typically requires specific handling methods.

is a technique for instructing without the presence or intervention of a human instructor. Small amounts of information requiring responses are presented to individual trainees, and the trainees determine from comparing their responses to provided answers whether their understanding of the information is accurate.

is the presentation of an undesirable behavior consequence or the removal of a desirable behavior consequence that decreases the likelihood that the behavior will continue.

is a maintenance control policy that decrees that machine adjustments, lubrication, cleaning, parts replacement, painting, and needed repairs and overhaul will be performed only after facilities or machines malfunction.

is a maintenance control policy that tries to ensure that machine adjustments, lubrication, cleaning, parts replacement, painting, and needed repairs and overhauls will be performed before facilities or machines malfunction.

is the extent to which a product reliably does what it is intended to do.

is an operations process involving a broad group of activities aimed at achieving an organization’s quality objectives.

is a small group of workers that meets to discuss quality-related problems in a particular project and to communicate their solutions to these problems to management at a formal presentation session.

is an element of organization culture that focuses on making sure that a product, in the opinion of the customer, does what it is supposed to do.

is an SBU that has a small share of a high-growth market.

is a control tool that summarizes the financial position of an organization by calculating ratios based on various financial measures that appear on the organization’s balance sheet and income statements.

comprises the steps the decision maker takes to arrive at a choice.

is the initial attraction and screening of the supply of prospective human resources available to fill a position.

predicts future sales by analyzing the historical relationship between sales and time.

is the need for satisfying interpersonal relationships.

is an alternative that is considered feasible for solving an existing problem and for implementation.

is the process of bringing individuals who have been working abroad back to their home country and reintegrating them into the organization’s home-country operations.

is a technique for managing conflict by working out the differences between managers and employees.

is the obligation to perform assigned activities.

exists when certain organizational tasks are not included in the responsibility area of any individual organization member.

is a strategy adopted by management to strengthen or protect the amount of business a strategic business unit is currently generating.

is the term used to describe inequities affecting members of the majority group as an outcome of programs designed to help underrepresented groups.

is a process that pairs a senior employee with a junior employee for the purpose of transferring work skills, such as Internet skills, from the junior employee to the more senior employee.

is a guideline that says that behavior is generally considered ethical if it respects and promotes the rights of others.

refers to situations in which statistical probabilities can be attributed to alternative potential outcomes.

is the study of the development and use of robots.

is the conflict that results when a person has to fill competing roles because of membership in two cultures.

refers to having too many expectations to comfortably fulfill.

is a standing plan that designates specific required actions.

predicts future sales levels primarily by asking appropriate salespeople for their opinions of what will happen to sales in the future.

occurs when an individual makes a decision that is not optimal but is “good enough.”

refers to the chain-of-command positioning of individuals on an organization chart.

is the process of formulating a detailed listing of activities that must be accomplished to attain an objective, allocating the resources necessary to attain the objective, and setting up and following time tables for completing the objective.

emphasizes the “one best way” to perform a task.

is the proportion of the total management system that a particular decision will affect. The broader the scope of a decision, the higher the level of the manager responsible for making that decision.

is Maslow’s second set of human needs, which reflects the human desire to be free from physical harm.

is choosing an individual to hire from all those who have been recruited.

is Maslow’s fifth, and final, set of human needs, which reflects the human desire to maximize personal potential.

is an organizational team that plans, organizes, influences, and controls its own work situation with only minimal intervention and direction from management.

involves passing information from one individual to another in a series.

is an approach to leading in which leaders view their primary role as helping followers in their quests to satisfy personal needs, aspirations, and interests.

is a message that has been transmitted from one person to another.

is a plan used only once—or, at most, several times—because it focuses on unique or rare situations within the organization.

is a relatively modern view of leadership that suggests that successful leadership requires a unique combination of leaders, followers, and leadership situations.

is the process of measuring the present social responsibility activities of an organization. It monitors, measures, and appraises all aspects of an organization’s social responsibility performance.

involves the recognition, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities that create social value as opposed to personal or shareholder wealth.

is Maslow’s third set of human needs, which reflects the human desire to belong, including longings for friendship, companionship, and love.

represent individuals’ patterns of social relationships.

is an approach to meeting social obligations that considers business as having both economic and societal goals.

is the degree of effectiveness and efficiency an organization displays in pursuing its social responsibilities.

refers to the basic, long-standing needs of society and has little to do with profits.

are the relative degrees of worth a society places on the manner in which it exists and functions.

is a sociometric diagram that summarizes the personal feelings of organization members about the people in the organization with whom they like to spend free time.

is an analytical tool that can be used to determine what informal groups exist in an organization and who the leaders and members of those groups are.

is the person in the interpersonal communication situation who originates and encodes information to be shared with others.

is the number of individuals a manager supervises.

is an aspect of organization culture that encourages organization members to integrate spiritual life and work life.

is a strategy adopted by management to maintain or slightly improve the amount of business that a strategic business unit is generating.

consists of the right to advise or assist those who possess line authority as well as other staff personnel.

is an individual or group that is directly or indirectly affected by an organization’s decisions.

is the level of activity established to serve as a model for evaluating organizational performance.

are plans that are used over and over because they focus on organizational situations that occur repeatedly.

is an SBU that has a large share of a high-growth market and typically needs large amounts of cash to support rapid and significant growth.

is the process used to determine how many products should be inspected to calculate a probability that the total number of products will meet organizational quality standards.

is a positive or negative assessment of members of a group or their perceived attributes.

the second stage of the team development process, is characterized by conflict and disagreement as team members try to clarify their individual roles and challenge the way the team functions.

is, in business portfolio analysis, a significant organizational segment that is analyzed to develop organizational strategy aimed at generating future business or revenue. SBUs vary in form, but all are a single business (or collection of businesses), have their own competitors and a manager accountable for operations, and can be independently planned for.

is the last step of the strategy management process and consists of monitoring and evaluating the strategy management process as a whole to ensure that it is operating properly.

is the process of ensuring that an organization possesses and benefits from the use of an appropriate organizational strategy.

is long-range planning that focuses on the organization as a whole.

occurs when a firm attempts to alter its own competitive strategy.

is a broad and general plan developed to reach long-term objectives; it is the end result of strategic planning.

is the process of determining appropriate courses of action for achieving organizational objectives and thereby accomplishing the organizational purpose. Strategy development tools include critical question analysis, SWOT analysis, business portfolio analysis, and Porter’s Model for Industry Analysis.

is the fourth step of the strategy management process and involves putting formulated strategy into action.

is the bodily strain that an individual experiences as a result of coping with some environmental factor.

is an environmental demand that causes people to feel stress.

is a change aimed at increasing organizational effectiveness through modifications to the existing organizational structure.

are organizational controls, such as policies and procedures.

refers to the designated relationships among resources of the management system.

is leadership activity that (1) delineates the relationship between the leader and the leader’s followers or (2) establishes well-defined procedures that the followers should adhere to in performing their jobs.

refers to an interpersonal communication situation in which the information the source intends to share with the destination and the meaning the destination derives from the transmitted message are the same.

is the process of determining who will follow whom in various organizational positions.

denotes the power that suppliers have over the firms operating in an industry; as supplier power increases, industry attractiveness decreases.

is aimed at being friendly with followers and showing interest in them as human beings.

is the degree to which a person or entity can meet its present needs without compromising the ability of other people or entities to meet their needs in the future.

is an organization that has the ability to meet its present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

occurs when firms develop new cultures, processes, or structures to support new product innovations in current markets as well as introduce existing products into new markets.

is a strategic development tool that matches internal organizational strengths and weaknesses with external opportunities and threats.

is a sign that a problem exists.

is a number of interdependent parts functioning as a whole for some purpose.

is a management approach based on general system theory—the theory that to understand fully the operation of an entity, the entity must be viewed as a system.

is short-range planning that emphasizes the current operations of various parts of an organization.

is a formal group of organization members who interact with one another to accomplish nonroutine organizational tasks. Members of any one task group can come from various levels in the organizational hierarchy.

are management efforts aimed at carrying out critical management-related duties in organizations.

is the degree to which the goals—the work to be done—and other situational factors are outlined clearly.

is a group whose members influence one another toward the accomplishment of an organizational objective(s).

are skills involving the ability to apply specialized knowledge and expertise to work-related techniques and procedures.

is a type of organizational change that emphasizes modifying the level of technology in the management system.

are any types of equipment or processes that assist organization members in the performance of their jobs.

consists of any type of equipment or process that organization members use in the performance of their work.

is examining human resources for qualities relevant to performing available jobs.

is a set of essentially negative assumptions about human nature.

is a set of essentially positive assumptions about human nature.

is an effectiveness dimension that implies that managers who use either Theory X or Theory Y assumptions when dealing with people can be successful, depending on their situation.

is an organization member who is a citizen of one country and who works in another country for an organization headquartered in still another country.

refers to the ability of new firms to enter an industry; as the threat of new entrants increases, the attractiveness of the industry decreases.

refers to the extent to which customers use products or services from another industry instead of the focal industry. As the threat of substitutes increases, which implies that customers have more choices, the attractiveness of the industry decreases.

refers to being one of the few members of your group in the organization.

is the sum of fixed costs and variable costs.

is the entire amount of power an individual in an organization possesses. It is made up of position power and personal power.

is the continuous process of involving all organization members in ensuring that every activity related to the production of goods or services has an appropriate role in establishing product quality.

is all sales dollars accumulated from selling manufactured products or services.

is the process of developing qualities in human resources that will enable them to be more productive and thus to contribute more to organizational goal attainment.

are the information or skill areas of an individual or group that require further development to increase the productivity of that individual or group.

is an outdated view of leadership that sees the personal characteristics of an individual as the main determinants of how successful that individual could be as a leader.

is leadership that inspires organizational success by profoundly affecting followers’ beliefs in what an organization should be as well as their values, such as justice and integrity.

also called a global organization, views the entire world as its business arena.

is a management approach that emphasizes using information from the classical, behavioral, and management science schools of thought to manage the open management system.

emphasizes that managers should focus on building organizations that are sustainable in economic, environmental, and societal activities.

refers to situations where the probability that a particular outcome will occur is not known in advance.

is an organization culture that does not facilitate the achievement of the organization’s mission and objectives.

is the management principle that recommends that an individual have only one boss.

refers to an interpersonal communication situation in which the information the source intends to share with the destination and the meaning the destination derives from the transmitted message are different.

is a guideline that indicates that behavior can generally be considered ethical if it provides the most good for or does the least harm to the greatest number of people.

is a person’s or social group’s in which they have an emotional investment.

is a cost control and cost reduction technique that examines all the parts, materials, and functions of an operation to help managers control operations.

is a formally drafted document that summarizes the primary values within the culture of a specific organization.

(also known as a flexible budget) is one that outlines the levels of resources to be allocated for each organizational activity according to the level of production within the organization.

is an expense that fluctuates with the number of products produced.

are firms that raise money from investors and then use this money to make investments in new firms.

is the sharing of information through words, either written or spoken.

refers to the extent to which an organization uses vertical levels to separate job responsibilities.

is an organization that extends significantly beyond the boundaries and structure of a traditional organization by comprehensively “tying together” its stakeholders—employees, suppliers, and customers—via an elaborate system of e-mail and other Internet-related vehicles such as videoconferencing.

is a work arrangement that extends beyond the structure and boundaries of the traditional office arrangement.

is an organization having the essence of a traditional organization but lacks some aspect of traditional boundaries and structure.

are groups of employees formed by managers that extend beyond the boundaries and structure of traditional teams in that members in geographically dispersed locations “meet” via realtime messaging on an intranet or the Internet to discuss special or unanticipated organizational problems.

is a training process that extends beyond the boundaries and structure of traditional training.

is a guideline that determines behavior to be ethical if it reflects high moral values.

is a motivation theory that hypothesizes that felt needs cause human behavior and that motivation strength depends on an individual’s degree of desire to perform a behavior.

is a modern view of leadership that suggests that successful leadership requires determining, through a decision tree, what style of leadership will produce decisions that are beneficial to the organization and will be accepted and committed to by subordinates.

is the employee who reports the alleged activities of suspected misconduct or corruption within an organization.

is the act of an employee reporting suspected misconduct or corruption believed to exist within an organization.

are operational tools that are used to establish labor standards.

is an operational tool used to improve productivity and ensure the safety of workers.

is a task group used in organizations to achieve greater organizational flexibility or to cope with rapid growth.

refers to individuals being isolated or excluded socially and having their work efforts devalued.

requires managers to justify their entire budget request in detail rather than simply refer to budget amounts established in previous years.