1. Emily Chasan, “How IKEA Protects the Environment and Sofa Margins,” Wall Street Journal, January 28, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com; Rahim Kanani, “Why IKEA Thinks This Mega-Trend Will Define the Next 30 Years of Business,” Forbes, February 7, 2014, http://www.forbes.com; Jens Hansegard, “UN Refugee Agency Needs to Think Like a Business, Says IKEA Foundation,” Wall Street Journal, February 5, 2014, http://online.wsj.com; Shawn McCarthy, “IKEA Brings Build-It-Yourself Environmental Plan to Canada,” Toronto Globe and Mail, November 14, 2013, http://www.theglobeandmail.com; Cathy Proctor, “IKEA’s Colorado Store Doubles Down on Solar Power,” Denver Business Journal, January 23, 2014, http://www.bizjournals.com/denver; Jens Hansegard and Niclas Rolander, “IKEA Chief Says Focus to Remain on Stores,” Wall Street Journal, January 28, 2014, http://online.wsj.com; IKEA, “IKEA Foundation,” http://www.ikea.com, accessed February 10, 2014; IKEA, “People and the Environment,” http://www.ikea.com, accessed February 10, 2014.

2. For a good discussion of many factors involved in the modern meanings of social responsibility, see: Frank Vanclay and Ana M. Esteves, New Directions in Social Impact Assessment: Conceptual and Methodological Advances (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011). “The Definition of Social Responsibility” is adapted from Keith Davis and Robert L. Blomstrom, Business and Society: Environment and Responsibility, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975), 6. For illustrations of how social responsibility fits into the working lives of modern managers, see: Gerard I. J. M. Zwetsloot, “From Management Systems to Corporate Social Responsibility,” Journal of Business Ethics 44 (2003): 201–208; Christine Hemingway and Patrick Maclagan, “Managers’ Personal Values as Drivers of Corporate Social Responsibility,” Journal of Business Ethics 50 (2004): 33.

3. Bindu Arya and Gaiyan Zhang, “Institutional Reforms and Investor Reactions to CSR Announcements: Evidence from an Emerging Economy,” Journal of Management Studies 46, no. 7 (May 14, 2009): 1089–1112.

4. Patricia L. Short, “Keeping It Clean,” Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 17 (April 23, 2007): 13.

5. Matteo Tonello, “The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility,” The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation, The President and Fellows of Harvard College, June 26, 2011, http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/corpgov/2011/06/26/the-business-case-for-corporate--social-responsibility/, accessed March 27, 2012.

6. Virginia Gewin, “Industry Lured by the Gains of Going Green,” Nature (July 14, 2005): 173.

7. “Mohawk Going Green in Bath Rugs,” Home Textiles Today 28, no. 7 (February 26, 2007): 12.

8. Kate Arthur, “Going Green: Simple Changes Make Vast Improvements on the Environment,” Knight Ridder Tribune Business News [Washington edition], March 2, 2007, 1.

9. For extended discussion of arguments for and against social responsibility, see: William C. Frederick, Keith Davis, and James E. Post, Business and Society: Corporate Strategy, Public Policy, Ethics, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988), 36–43.

10. For discussion in favor of corporate social responsibility, see: Jane Fuller, “Banking on a Good Reputation: Companies Should Look at Corporate Social Responsibility on a Cost–Benefit Approach, Not by Whatever Campaign Is in the News,” Financial Times (2003): 6.

11. For comments on a new way of exploring the relationship between the financial performance of an organization and its social responsibility activities, see: Sandra A. Waddock and Samuel B. Graves, “Finding the Link Between Stakeholder Relations and Quality of Management,” Journal of Investing 6, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 20–24.

12. For discussions of the relationship between corporate social performance and financial performance, see: John Peloza and Jingzhi Shang, “How Can Corporate Social Responsibility Activities Create Value for Stakeholders? A Systematic Review,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 39, no. 1 (2011): 117–135; Baruch Lev, Christine Petrovits, and Suresh Radhakrishnan, “Is Doing Good Good for You? How Corporate Charitable Contributions Enhance Revenue Growth,” Strategic Management Journal 31, no. 2 (September 2009): 182–200.

13. J. B. McGuire, A. Sundgren, and T. Schneeweis, “Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance,” Academy of Management Journal (December 1988): 854–872; Birkinshaw, Julian; Foss, Nicolai J; Lindenberg, Siegwart “Combining Purpose With Profits” MIT Sloan Management Review 55.3 (Spring 2014): 49–56.

14. For Friedman’s view, see “Freedom and Philanthropy: An Interview with Milton Friedman,” Business and Society Review (Fall 1989): 11–18.

15. Milton Friedman, “Does Business Have Social Responsibility?” Bank Administration (April 1971): 13–14.

16. Eric J. Savitz, “The Vision Thing: Control Data Abandons It for the Bottom Line,” Barron’s, (May 7, 1990): 10–11, 22.

17. For a discussion of radical environmentalism, see: Jeffrey Salmon, “We’re All ‘Corporate Polluters’ Now,” Wall Street Journal, July 2, 1997, A14.

18. Joan E. Rigdon, “The Wrist Watch: How a Plant Handles Occupational Hazard with Common Sense,” Wall Street Journal, September 28, 1992, 1.

19. For insights regarding SC Johnson Wax’s position on social responsibility involvement, see: Reva A. Holmes, “At SC Johnson Wax Philanthropy Is an Investment,” Management Accounting (August 1994): 42–45.

20. Bill Richards, “Nike Hires an Executive from Microsoft for New Post Focusing on Labor Policies,” Wall Street Journal, January 15, 1998, B14.

21. Geoffrey B. Sprinkle and Laureen A. Maines, “The Benefits and Costs of Social Responsibility,” Business Horizons 53 (2010): 445–453.

22. Samuel C. Certo and J. Paul Peter, The Strategic Management Process, 3rd ed. (Chicago: Irwin, 1995), 219; Marianne M. Jennings, “Manager’s Journal: Trendy Causes Are No Substitute for Ethics,” Wall Street Journal, December 1, 1997, A22.

23. Carlo Wolff, “Living with the New Amenity,” Lodging Hospitality (December 1994): 66–68; for an article demonstrating the importance of stakeholders’ opinions in social responsibility, see: David Wheeler, Barry Colbert, and Edward Freeman, “Focusing on Value: Reconciling Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainability and a Stakeholder Approach in a Network World,” Journal of General Management 28 (2003): 1.

24. Steven Greenhouse, “$40 Million in Aid Set for Bangladesh Garment Workers,” New York Times, December 23, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com; Syed Zain al-Mahmood, “Four Retailers Set Up Bangladesh Compensation Fund,” Wall Street Journal, December 24, 2013, http://online.wsj.com; Syed Zain al-Mahmood, “Bangladesh Court Jails Factory Owners Charged in Deadly Fire,” Wall Street Journal, February 9, 2014, http://online.wsj.com; Louise O’Neill, “Why Penneys Is No Longer Our Little Secret,” Irish Examiner, January 19, 2014, http://www.irishexaminer.com.

25. S. Prakash Sethi, “Dimensions of Corporate Social Performance: An Analytical Framework,” California Management Review (Spring 1975): 58–64.

26. To view the full 2010 Corporate Social Responsibility Report, visit bankofamerica.com/opportunity.

27. http://assets.starbucks.com/assets/goals-progress-report-2010.pdf.

28. Michael E. Porter and Mark R. Kramer, “The Competitive Advantage of Corporate Philanthropy,” Harvard Business Review (December 2002): 56–68. For discussion of the role of employees in promoting philanthropy in businesses, see: Alan R. Muller, Michael D. Pfarrer, and Laura M. Little, “A Theory of Collective Empathy in Corporate Philanthropy Decisions,” Academy of Management Review 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–21.

29. David A. Lubin and Daniel C. Esty, “The Sustainability Imperative,” Harvard Business Review 88, no. 5 (May 1, 2010).

30. Jeffrey Pfeffer, “Building Sustainable Organizations: The Human Factor,” Academy of Management Perspective (February 2010): 34–45.

31. United Nations, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 42/187, December 1987. For a different viewpoint on the importance of sustainability, see: John A. Vucetich and Michael P. Nelson, “Sustainability: Virtuous or Vulgar?” BioScience 60, no. 7 (July/August 2010).

32. Vince Luchsinger, “Strategy Issues in Business Sustainability,” Business Renaissance Quarterly 4, no. 3 (Fall 2009): 163–174.

33. “PepsiCo Launches Groundbreaking Pilot Program to Reduce Carbon Footprint of Tropicana,” CSRWire, May 18, 2010, http://www.csrwire.com.

34. Mark Hollingworth, “Building 360 Organizational Sustainability,” Ivey Business Journal Online (November/December 2009).

35. Ram Nidumolu, C. K. Prahalad, and M. R. Rangaswami, “Why Sustainability Is Now the Key Driver of Innovation,” Harvard Business Review (September 2009): 1.

36. Josette Akresh-Gonzales, “Herman Miller CEO Brian Walker on Meeting Sustainability Goals—With Customer Help,” Harvard Business Review (December 2009): 1. For an interesting outline of Bicardi Limited’s proactive position on sustainability, see: “Bacardi Limited Charts Bold Course in Building a Sustainable Future,” PR Newswire Europe Including UK Disclose (February 4, 2014).

37. Michael S. Hopkins, “What Executives Don’t Get about Sustainability (and Further Notes on the Profit Motive),” MIT Sloan Management Review 51, no. 1 (Fall 2009): 40.

38. Michael S. Hopkins, “8 Reasons Sustainability Will Change Management,” MIT Sloan Management Review 51, no. 1 (Fall 2009): 27–30.

39. Daniel C. Esty and Andrew S. Winston, Green to Gold: How Smart Companies Use Environmental Strategy to Innovate, Create Value, and Build Competitive Advantage (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006).

40. Ram Nidumolu, C. K. Prahalad, and M. R. Rangaswami, “Why Sustainability Is Now the Key Driver of Innovation,” Harvard Business Review, September, 2009, 56–64.

41. Lynn Grooms, “Big Food Companies Make Moves to Source Sustainably,” Farm Industry News, December 10, 2013, http://farmindustrynews.com; Dave Blanchard, “A Supply Chain Fit to Eat,” Industry Week (June 2013): 60–62; General Mills, “Responsibility: Sustainable Sourcing,” http://www.generalmills.com, accessed February 11, 2014.

42. “Weis Markets Adds Sustainability Specialist,” Ecology, Environment & Conservation Business (May 8, 2010): 93.

43. DuPont Company, “2008 Sustainability Report,” 4. For ideas on how taking sustainability steps makes good business sense, see: Michael S. Hopkins, “How SAP Made the Business Case for Sustainability,” MIT Sloan Management Review52, no. 1(Fall 2010): 69–72.

44. DuPont Sustainability Progress Report, 2008, 4. For discussion of how progress in the efficiency of water use is a worthwhile sustainability objective, see: E. Cabrera, M. A. Pardo, and F. J. Arregui, “Tap Water Costs and Service Sustainability, a Close Relationship” Water Resources Management, 27, no. 1(Jan 2013): 239–253.

45. For an interesting discussion of the ethical dilemma of fairly allocating an individual’s time between work and personal life, see: Paul B. Hoffmann, “Balancing Professional and Personal Priorities,” Healthcare Executive (May/June 1994): 42.

46. Archie B. Carroll, “In Search of the Moral Manager,” Business Horizons (March/April 1987): 7–15. For a study linking the relationship between ethics and sustainability, see: Lam D. Nguyen, Bahaudin G. Mujtaba, Chat N. Tran, and Quan H. M. Tran, “Sustainable Growth and Ethics: A Study of Business Ethics in Vietnam Between Business Students and Working Adults,” The South East Asian Journal of Management7, no. 1 (April 2013): 41–56.

47. For an article outlining the relationship between ethics and management, see: Elliott Jaques, “Ethics for Management,” Management Communication Quarterly 17 (2003): 136.

48. Sundeep Waslekar, “Good Citizens and Reap Rewards,” Asian Business (January 1994): 52. See also: Genine Babakian, “Who Will Control Russian Advertising?” Adweek [Eastern Edition] (August 1, 1994): 16.

49. Natalie M. Green, “Creating an Ethical Workplace,” Employment Relations Today 24, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 33–44.

50. “Helping Workers Helps Bottom Line,” Employee Benefit Plan Review (July 1990).

51. Sandy Lutz, “Psych Hospitals Fight for Survival,” Modern Healthcare (May 8, 1995): 62–65.

52. http://legislative.cancer.gov/hearings/research.

53. Based upon: http://www.socinfo.com/d2F5a.2c.d.html#1st page.

54. James B. Treece, “Nissan Rattles Japan with Tough Ethics Code,” Automotive News (May 4, 1998): 1, 49.

55. Richard A. Spinell, “Lessons from the Salomon Scandal,” America (December 28, 1991): 476–477; Touche Ross, Ethics in American Business (New York: Touche Ross & Co., January 1988). For a view on developing a code of ethics for the workplace, see: O. C. Ferrell, “An Assessment of the Proposed Academy of Marketing Science Code of Ethics for Marketing Educators,” Journal of Business Ethics 19, no. 2 (April 1999): 225–228.

56. For additional insights on how and why to create an ethical workplace, see: Curt Smith, “The Ethical Workplace,” Association Management 52, no. 6 (June 2000): 70–73.

57. For an interesting study of ethics codes, see: Lawrence Chonko, Thomas Wotruba, and Terry Loe, “Ethics Code Familiarity and Usefulness: Views on Idealist and Relativist Managers Under Varying Conditions of Turbulence,” Journal of Business Ethics 42 (2003): 237.

58. Alan L. Otten, “Ethics on the Job: Companies Alert Employees to Potential Dilemmas,” Wall Street Journal, July 14, 1986, 25.

59. Gene R. Laczniak, “Framework for Analyzing Marketing Ethics,” Journal of Macromarketing (Spring 1983): 7–18. See also: Patricia Haddock and Marilyn Manning, “Ethically Speaking,” Sky (March 1990): 128–131.

60. For more discussion of such skills, see: www.eoa.org.

61. http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html.

62. Ben DiPietro, “CEOs Emphasize Trust Is Anchor of a Strong Corporate Ethics Philosophy,” Wall Street Journal, March 6, 2013, http://blogs.wsj.com; Jeffrey Pfeffer, “Measure (and Reward) Ethical Behavior,” Inc., March 26, 2013, http://www.inc.com; Alina Tugend, “In Life and Business, Learning to Be Ethical,” New York Times, January 10, 2014, http://nytimes.com.

63. Standard & Poor’s details Enron’s deception and its impact on the company’s rating, in a letter to the House committee, PR News (March 20, 2002).

64. “Special Report: SEC Follows Up on Sarbanes–Oxley Reform Standards,” Directors & Trustees Digest 62, no. 3 (March 2003): 1.

65. John Schwartz, “Playing Know and Tell,” New York Times, June 9, 2002, 4.2.

66. The Associated Press, “Enron Ruling to Stand,” New York Times, November 22, 2006, 6.

67. Stephen M. Paskoff, “Ten Ethics Trends for 2010,” Workforce Management, December 2009, http://www.workforce.com.

68. www.renewabilities.org; Jason Sandford, “Solar-Powered Asheville Business Campus Would Shine Light on Sustainability,” Ashville Citizen-Times, 2012.