- Copyright
- National Improvements | Virtual Instrumentation Series
- Preface
- References
- Hardware and Software Requirements
- LabVIEW VI Libraries and Project and Problem Folders and Files
- Elementary Circuit Analysis for Analog Electronics
- Transistors and Voltage Amplification
- Characterization of MOS Transistors for Circuit Simulation
- Signal Conductance Parameters for Circuit Simulation
- Common-Source Amplifier Stage
- Coupling and Bypass Capacitors and Frequency Response
- MOSFET Source-Follower Buffer Stage
- MOSFET Differential Amplifier Stage
- DC (Bias) Circuit
- DC Imbalances
- Signal Voltage Gain of the Ideal Differential Amplifier Stage
- Effect of the Bias Resistor on Voltage Gain
- Differential Voltage Gain
- Common-Mode Voltage Gain
- Voltage Gains Including Transistor Output Resistance
- Body Effect and Voltage Gain
- Amplifier Gain with Differential and Common-Mode Inputs
- Comparison of Numerical Gain Results
- Summary of Equations
- Exercises and Projects
- MOSFET Current Sources
- Common-Source Amplifier with Current-Source Load
- Operational Amplifiers with Resistor Negative Feedback
- Operational Amplifier Applications with Capacitors
- Cascaded Amplifier Stages
- Combining NMOS and PMOS Circuits in Cascade
- Amplifier Gain of Differential Amplifier and Common-Source Stage in Cascade
- Stabilization of Signal Gain and Bias Current with a Source Resistor
- Common-Source Stage as a Series – Series Feedback Circuit
- Shunt – Series Cascade Amplifier
- Summary of Equations
- Development of a Basic CMOS Operational Amplifier
- Current-Source Bias for the Differential Amplifier Stage
- Current-Source Output Resistance and Common-Mode Gain
- Current-Source Load for the Common-Source Stage
- Current-Source Load for the Differential Stage
- Two-Stage Amplifier with Current-Source Biasing
- Output Buffer Stage
- Output Resistance of the Feedback Amplifier and Effect on Gain from Loading
- Output Circuit of the TS271 Opamp
- Summary of Equations
- Communicating with the Circuit Board: LabVIEW Programming and Measurement Exercises
- Characterization of the Bipolar Junction Transistor for Circuit Simulation
- Fundamentals of Bipolar Junction Transistor Action
- Base-Width Dependence on Junction Voltage
- BJT Base, Emitter, and Collector Currents in the Active Mode
- Diode-Connected Transistor Circuits for Measuring Base and Collector Current
- Output Characteristics of BJT in the Common-Emitter Mode
- SPICE Solution for IC versus VCE of the Measurement Circuit
- Collector-Emitter Voltage and Collector Current in the Saturation Region
- SPICE BJT βDC as a Function of Collector Current
- Signal or Incremental Common-Emitter Current Gain
- Summary of Equations
- Exercises and Projects
- Common-Emitter Amplifier Stage
- DC (Bias) Analysis
- Linear or Signal Model for the BJT
- Amplifier Voltage Gain
- Accuracy of Transistor Gain Measurements
- Effect of Finite Slope of the Transistor Output Characteristic
- Selection of Coupling Capacitors
- Common-Emitter Amplifier with Active Load
- Frequency Response of NPN – PNP Amplifier Due to the Base Shunt Capacitor
- Common-Emitter Stage with Emitter Resistor and the Emitter-Follower Amplifier Stage
- Summary of BJT Model Parameter Relations
- Summary of Circuit Equations
- Exercises and Projects
- Basic Circuit Analysis for Electronic Circuits and Programming Exercises
- Basic NMOS Common-Source Amplifier with Programming Exercises
- Characterization of the PMOS Transistor for Circuit Simulation
- Characterization of the NMOS Transistor for Circuit Simulation
- PMOS Common-Source Amplifier
- PMOS Common-Source Amplifier Stage with Current-Source Biasing
- NMOS Common-Source Amplifier Stage with Source-Resistor Bias
- NMOS Source-Follower Stage
- MOSFET Differential Amplifier Stage
- Current Mirror and Common-Source Amplifier with Current-Source Load
- Operational Amplifier with Resistor Feedback
- Operational Amplifier Integrator and Oscillator
- Communicating with the Circuit Board Using the DAQ
- Sending and Receiving Voltages with the Sending and Receiving VIs
- Sending and Receiving Voltages from the Front Panel
- Plotting Measured Samples
- Using the Autoranging Voltmeter
- Observing the Oscilloscope Output Graph
- Discrete Output Voltage from the DAQ
- Discrete Input Voltage from the Circuit Board
- Using the Simultaneous Sending/Receiving Function
- Characterization of the Bipolar Junction Transistor for Circuit Simulation
- NPN Common-Emitter Amplifier
- NPN – PNP Common-Emitter Amplifier with Current-Source Load
8.11. Summary of Equations
 | Differential-stage bias equation. |
 | Threshold voltage for with VB = VSS and thus VSB = 2IDRbias. |
 | Approximate relation for drain-current imbalance due to kn1 ≠ kn2 and Vtno1 ≠ Vtno2. |
 ,
 | Ideal voltage gain, Rbias → ∞ and gds = 0, gm1 = gm2 = gm. |
 | Gain Vd2/Vg1 = Vo2/Vi for noninverting output with finite Rbias. |
 | Gain Vd1/Vg1 = Vo1/Vi for inverting output with finite Rbias. |
Rs = Ris2 || Rbias | Gain Vd1/Vg1 = Vo1/Vi for inverting output for source resistance, Rs, with gds ≠ 0. |
 | Input at the source of M2 with gds ≠ 0. |
 | Gain Vd2/Vs2 = Vo2/Vs2 for common-gate stage of M2 for gds ≠ 0. |
 | Gain Vs1/Vg1 = Vs1/Vi of source-follower with input at gate of M1 and output at source of M1. |
 | Gain Vd2/Vg1 = Vo2/Vi for noninverting output and gds ≠ 0. |
| avd12 = –gmRD | Gain for differential input, differential output with RD1 = RD2 and gm1 = gm2. |
 | Common-mode gain. |
Rs = Ris2 || Rbias | Inverting-input gain Vd1/Vg1 = Vo1/Vi, including body effect. |
 | Input at the source of M2, including body effect and gds ≠ 0. |
 | Common-gate gain Vd2/Vs2 = Vo2/Vs2 of M2, including body effect. |
 | Source-follower gain Vs1/Vg1 = Vs1/Vi of M1, including body effect. |
| av2 = avsfavcg | Gain Vd2/Vg1 = Vo2/Vi, including body effect, gds ≠ 0. |
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