486 Software Enhancements
by Bob Colwell, Tom Shanley
The Unabridged Pentium 4 IA32 Processor Genealogy
- Copyright
- At-a-Glance Table of Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Acknowledgments
- About This Book
- Introduction
- Single-/MultiTask OS Background
- The 386
- 386 Real Mode Operation
- Protected Mode Introduction
- Intro to Segmentation in Protected Mode
- Code Segments
- Data and Stack Segments
- Creating a Task
- Mechanics of a Task Switch
- 386 Demand Mode Paging
- Problem—Loading Entire Task into Memory is Wasteful
- Solution—Load Part and Keep Remainder on Disk
- Problem—Running Two (or more) DOS Programs
- Solution—Redirect Memory Accesses to Separate Memory Areas
- Global Solution—Map Linear Address to Disk Address or to a Different Physical Memory Address
- The Paging Unit Is the Translator
- Three Possible Page Lookup Methods
- IA32 Page Lookup Method
- Enabling Paging
- Page Directory and Page Tables
- Finding the Location of a Physical Page
- Eliminating the Directory Lookup
- Checking Page Access Permission
- Page Faults
- Usage of the Dirty and Accessed Bits
- Demand Mode Paging Evolution
- The Flat Model
- Interrupts and Exceptions
- Special Note
- General
- Hardware Interrupts
- Software-Generated Exceptions
- Interrupt/Exception Priority
- Real Mode Interrupt/Exception Handling
- Protected Mode Interrupt/Exception Handling
- Interrupt/Exception Handling in VM86 Mode
- Exception Error Codes
- The Resume Flag Prevents Multiple Debug Exceptions
- Special Case—Interrupts Disabled While Updating SS:ESP
- Detailed Description of the Software Exceptions
- Virtual 8086 Mode
- A Special Note
- DOS Application—Portrait of an Anarchist
- Solution—Set a Watchdog on the DOS Application
- The Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)
- Entering or Reentering VM86 Mode
- An Interrupt or Exception Causes an Exit From VM86 Mode
- A Task Switch Causes an EFlags Update
- DOS Task's Memory Usage
- The Privilege Level of a VM86 Task
- Restricting IO Accesses
- IOPL-Sensitive Instructions
- Interrupt/Exception Generation and Handling
- Registers Accessible in Real/VM86 Mode
- Instructions Usable in Real/VM86 Mode
- VM86 Mode Evolution
- The Debug Registers
- 486
- Pentium®
- Intro to the P6 Core and FSB
- Pentium® Pro Software Enhancements
- Pentium® Pro Software Enhancements
- MicroCode Update Feature
- The Problem
- The Solution
- The Microcode Update Image
- Matching the Image to a Processor
- The Microcode Update Loader
- Updates in a Multiprocessor System
- The Image Management BIOS
- When Must the Image Upload Take Place?
- Determining if a New Update Supersedes a Previously-Loaded Update
- Effect of RESET# Or INIT# on a Previously-Loaded Update
- Pentium® II
- Pentium® II Hardware Overview
- The Pentium® Pro and Pentium® II: Same CPU, Different Package
- Dual-Independent Bus Architecture (DIBA)
- IOQ Depth
- Pentium® Pro/Pentium® II Differences
- One Product Yields Three Product Lines
- The Pentium® II/Xeon/Celeron Roadmap
- The Cartridge
- The Core
- The FSB and BSB
- The Introduction of the Celeron
- Miscellaneous Hardware Stuff
- Pentium® II Power Management Features
- Pentium® II Software Enhancements
- Pentium® II Xeon Features
- Pentium® II Hardware Overview
- Pentium® III
- Pentium® 4
- Pentium® 4 Road Map
- Pentium® 4 System Overview
- Pentium® 4 Processor Overview
- The Pentium® 4 Processor Family
- Pentium® III/Pentium® 4 Differences
- Pentium® 4/Pentium® 4 Prescott Differences
- Pentium® 4 Processor Basic Organization
- The FSB is Tuned for Multiprocessing
- Intro to the FSB Enhancements
- IA Instructions Vary in Length and Are Complex
- The Trace Cache
- There Are Two Pipeline Sections
- The μop Pipeline
- The IA32 Data Register Set Was Small
- Speculative Execution
- Pentium® 4 PowerOn Configuration
- Configuration on Trailing-Edge of Reset
- Setup and Hold Time Requirements
- Built-In Self-Test (BIST) Trigger
- Assignment of IDs to the Processor
- Error Observation Options
- In-Order Queue Depth Selection
- Power-On Restart Address
- Tri-State Mode
- Processor Core Speed Selection
- Bus Parking Option
- Hyper-Threading Option
- Program-Accessible Startup Features
- Pentium® 4 Processor Startup
- Pentium® 4 Core Description
- Hyper-Threading
- General
- Background
- The HT Approach
- Overview of HT Resource Usage
- HT and the Data TLB
- HT and the FSB
- The IOQ Depth Was Increased
- HT Performance Issues
- HT and Serializing Instructions
- HT and the Microcode Update Feature
- HT Cache-Related Issues
- HT and the TLBs
- HT and the Thermal Monitor Feature
- HT and External Pin Usage
- The Pentium® 4 Caches
- Pentium® 4 Handling of Loads and Stores
- The Pentium® 4 Prescott
- Introduction
- Increased Pipeline Depth
- Trace Cache Improvements
- Increased Number of WCBs
- L1 Data Cache Changes
- Increased L2 Cache Size
- Enhanced Branch Prediction
- Store Forwarding Improved
- SSE3 Instruction Set
- Increased Elimination of Dependencies
- Enhanced Shifter/Rotator
- Integer Multiply Enhanced
- Scheduler Enhancements
- Fixed the MXCSR Serialization Problem
- Data Prefetch Instruction Execution Enhanced
- Improved the Hardware Data Prefetcher
- Hyper-Threading Improved
- Pentium® 4 FSB Electrical Characteristics
- Intro to the Pentium® 4 FSB
- Pentium® 4 CPU Arbitration
- Pentium® 4 Priority Agent Arbitration
- Pentium® 4 Locked Transaction Series
- Pentium® 4 FSB Blocking
- Pentium® 4 FSB Request Phase
- Pentium® 4 FSB Snoop Phase
- Pentium® 4 FSB Response and Data Phases
- A Note on Deferred Transactions
- The Purpose of the Response Phase
- The Response Phase Signal Group
- The Response Phase Start Point
- The Response Phase End Point
- The Response Types
- The Response Phase May Complete a Transaction
- The Data Phase Signal Group
- Five Example Scenarios
- Data Phase Wait States
- The Response Phase Parity
- Data Bus Parity
- Pentium® 4 FSB Transaction Deferral
- Pentium® 4 FSB IO Transactions
- Pentium® 4 FSB Central Agent Transactions
- Pentium® 4 FSB Miscellaneous Signals
- Pentium® 4 Software Enhancements
- The Foundation
- Miscellaneous New Instructions
- Enhanced CPUID Instruction
- The SSE2 Instruction Set
- The SSE3 Instruction Set
- Local APIC Enhancements
- The Thermal Monitoring Facilities
- FPU Enhancement
- The MSRs
- The Machine Check Architecture
- Last Branch, Interrupt, and Exception Recording
- The Debug Store (DS) Mechanism
- New Exceptions
- The Performance Monitoring Facility
- Pentium® 4 Xeon Features
- Pentium® M
- Pentium® M Processor
- Background
- The Pentium® M and Centrino
- Characteristics Overview
- The FSB Characteristics
- Enhanced Power Management Characteristics
- Three Different Packaging Models
- Improved Thermal Monitor Mode
- Enhanced Branch Prediction
- μop Fusion
- Advanced Stack Management
- Miscellaneous
- The Data Cache and Hyper-Threading
- The Next Pentium® M
- Pentium® M Processor
- Additional Topics
- CPU Identification
- System Management Mode (SMM)
- What Falls Under the Heading of System Management?
- The Genesis of SMM
- SMM Has Its Own Private Memory Space
- The Basic Elements of SMM
- A Very Simple Example Scenario
- How the Processor Knows the SM Memory Start Address
- Protected Mode, Paging and PAE-36 Mode Are Disabled
- The Organization of SM RAM
- Entering SMM
- Exiting SMM
- Caching from SM Memory
- Setting Up the SMI Handler in SM Memory
- Relocating the SM RAM Base Address
- SMM in an MP System
- The Local and IO APICs
- Before the Advent of the APIC
- MP Systems Need a Better Interrupt Distribution Mechanism
- A Short History of the APIC
- Detecting the Presence and Version of the Local APIC
- Enabling/Disabling the Local APIC
- Local Cluster and APIC ID Assignment
- An Introduction to the Interrupt Sources
- Introduction to Interrupt Priority
- An Intro to Edge-Triggered Interrupts
- An Intro to Level-Sensitive Interrupts
- The Local APIC Register Set
- Locally Generated Interrupts
- Task and Processor Priority
- Interrupt Messages
- The IO APIC
- Message Signaled Interrupts (MSI)
- Message Format
- The Spurious Interrupt Vector
- The Agents in an Interrupt Message Transaction
- BSP Selection Process
- The APIC, the MPS and ACPI
- Acronyms
- CD-ROM Warranty
- Index
Chapter 19. 486 Software Enhancements
The Previous Chapter
This chapter provided a description the 486 processor's hardware-related characteristics. This included the 486 roadmap, an overview of the 486 internal architecture, an overview of the 486 FSB, the A20 Mask signal, the on-die cache, and the on-die FPU. The discussion of the A20 Mask signal is directly applicable to all subsequent IA32 processors.
This Chapter
This chapter provides a detailed description of the software enhancement included in the 486 processor. This discussion is directly applicable to all subsequent IA32 processors and covers:
The on-die FPU.
The Alignment Checking Feature.
Paging-Related Changes
Caching-Related Changes to the Programming Environment.
The Test Registers.
Instruction Set Changes.
New/Altered Exceptions.
The Next Chapter
This chapter provides an overview of the Pentium® processor's hardware design characteristics. This includes:
The Pentium® roadmap.
An overview of the Pentium® internal architecture.
An overview of the Pentium® FSB.
The Caches.
The Local APIC.
The Test Access Port (TAP). This discussion is directly applicable to all subsequent IA32 processors.
FRC Mode. This discussion is directly applicable to all subsequent IA32 processors up to and including the Pentium® III processor.
Soft Reset (INIT#). This discussion is directly applicable to all subsequent IA32 processors.
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